Jade classification 玉石分类

China's five jade kind of profile

1, lam tin jade: from shaanxi LanTianXian. Lam tin jade appearance is yellow, reseda, opaque, hardness is MaShi 4 degrees. Genera serpentine mineralization through pyroxene classes. Abram TianYu mining, has a long history in han, zhang heng and ban gu records such lyrics. There is also jade ore production. For yield much, han dynasty, throughout all adopt hetian jade for YuCai. So lantian jade mining and applied gradually lost. So in the Ming dynasty SongYingXing open content "in Chinese, said lantian for onion ridge (kunlun mountain) alias and orchid mido-suji storage jade land etc inference. Geological department said to Abram TianYu now still mining was investigated. According to gems association, vice President of ground Ao research, shaanxi s.a. xianyang metallocene changling have been unearthed near large "he exerciseth grain jade auxiliary first." that is, using lantian jade production, han people hailed the knowable lantian mei-yu producing area namely at that time city nearby.


2, nanyang jade nanyang jade mining area is located in: dushan, say again "dushan jade", "jade". Nanyang jade is plagioclase kind jade, delicate texture, pure, have grease or vitreous burnish, polishing performance is good, transparent or light transparent. Hardness of 5.5 to 6.5 degrees. Nanyang jade for color jade. Common for two or three tonal composition polychromatic jade, bright-coloured color, respectively called: water white jade, jade, jade, green jade, uriah the azure jade, green jade, jade, jade days, violet jade, jade, topaz, light brown HuangRongYu, mo and motley jade. Nanyang jade mining has a long history, shaanxi shenmu stone Mao unearthed the neolithic longshan culture jade axe, 1952, discovered prosperus jade, 1976 huan-yuan site tomb unearthed jade are found in nanyang jade for YuCai exemplified. Now display the yuan mudu subbranch TuanCheng details on jade jar, also be to use nanyang YuZhuo system. It is documented, nanyang jade mining in han dynasty had considerable scale. So far the still has more than 1000 ancient dushan collect jade, visible nanyang jade mining history is long, of dimensions fill. Nanyang jade reserves quite rich, still can form scale production.


3, from gansu jiuquan jade: the qilian mountains, because have again qilian jade city. Genera serpentine race jade. Translucent, with a green spinach, with regular black spots. Hardness of 4.5 degrees to 5 degrees. The jiuquan jade mining absent ascend to the neolithic age, submission to the ruins of one of Taiwan empress unearthed cultural exquisite jade, namely to jiuquan jade is made.


4, xiuyan jade: because of main in liaoning xiuyan named, also called jade. Genera serpentine, was formed in magnesia carbonate rock in the degenerative marble, our country is this kind of geological environment of deposits, so many similar jade producing area is very extensive. Jade its appearance is green, yellow. Translucent, after polishing a candle shape burnish, hardness is 3.5 degrees to 5 degrees. Neolithic hongshan culture YuCai, originated in xiuyan used domestic fine jade ditch, commonly known as the old jade, is tremolite nephrite. Shang dynasty unearthed YuCai delineate tomb with xiuyan jade most earthen ditch mineral jade approximation. Watts ditch ore jade mining has a long history, abundant reserves. For our current main yield jade mining area, the output of the national around 60%.


5. Hetian jade distributed in xinjiang Sally car - tashikuergan, hetian - YuTian, JuMoXian kunlun mountains stretches 1,500 km north slope, comprises nine origin. Hetian jade of mineral composition with through flash stone - actinolite primarily. And contain trace thoroughly pyroxene, serpentine, graphite, magnet minerals such as. Formation of white, green and black, yellow etc. Different colour and lustre. Most are monochromatic jade, a few mottled. The jade for translucent, after polishing is fat shape burnish, hardness 5.5 degrees to 6.5 degrees. Hetian jade raw at an altitude of 3,500 meters to 5000 metres high cliffs. Through long-term weathering strip solution for sizes pieces, caving on the hillside, then after the rains washed out into river. Stay in bed, dry autumn river in the capture of jade pieces called seed jade, in rock formation in mining says mountain material. It had discovered that the use of the earliest times made hetian jade, jade from compartmentalizes the huan-yuan site's tomb. Spring and autumn and warring states later, hetian jade gradually become main YuCai, all of the acquisition seed makings, to qing beginning mining mountain material. Qing qianlong period cut system of green jade, YuCai hydrogeophysical-remote dayu 10700 jins, namely more heavy collected from mueller DaShan.


Due to the jade species multifarious, in mineralogy, history, and archaeology are different, and the classification of China to "stone beauty," understanding, in addition to the classification of the jade mineralogy not only multifarious and fuzzy, the type also subsequently enumerate.


To solve this classification confusion, the society has offered to various concrete classification approach, such as the "jade" defined as mineralogy explanation, and the "jade" as inclusive serpentine, xiuyan jade, jade lantian other traditionally regarded as jade mineral classified as this. Or will differentiate nephrite generalized and narrow the points, narrow nephrite is still deeply flash stone, actinolite substances such as minerals, and mainly in the broadest sense of the nephrite is cultural traditionally all considered jade mineral collection. Also have will nephrite only definition for xinjiang's hetian jade, the other is "traditional YuCai", and the like.


But accurate and represent the significance of classification except mineralogy outside on a clear, no consensus of the China encyclopedia is defined as "will" jade "jade" abbreviation, while "jade" classification by mineralogy definition shall prevail.


Therefore, the most generalized "jade" include:


Hard jade (emerald),


· nephrite (actinolite, through flash stone)


· nephrite (cultural classification)


· xiuyan jade


· lantian jade


DE qinghai jade


Russian jade,


Jasper (xinjiang tianshan mountain, jasper)


Hetian jade,


Robert green jade, jade suet


In accordance with the color, division also have white jade, jade, jade, topaz, mo classification method.


· dushan jade (nanyang jade)


· jiuquan jade


· white marble (marble)


· LingBi jade


· opal


· turquoise


· lapis


DE coral


· agate

中国的五大玉种简介
1、蓝田玉： 产于陕西省蓝田县。蓝田玉外观为黄色、浅绿色，不透明，硬度为摩氏4度。属蛇纹石化的透辉石类。兰田玉开采历史悠久，见于汉书，张衡及班固等文赋记载。现仍有玉石矿生产。因产量不多，汉代以后，各地均采用和田玉为玉材。所以蓝田玉开采和应用渐渐失传。以至明代宋应星在《天工开物》中称，蓝田为葱岭（昆仑山）的别名，兰田为储运玉石之地等推论。地质部门曾对现尚开采的兰田玉进行了考察。据宝石协会副会长弈秉璈的研究，陕西咸阳茂陵附近出土的大型"兽面纹玉辅首"即采用蓝田玉制作，可知汉唐人盛赞的蓝田美玉的产地即在当时京城附近。

2、南阳玉：南阳玉的矿区地处独山，又称"独山玉"、"独玉"。南阳玉为斜长石类玉石，质地细腻，纯净，具有油脂或玻璃光泽，抛光性能好，透明或微透明。硬度为5.5至6.5度。南阳玉为多色玉石。常见为两种或三种以上色调组成多色玉，颜色鲜艳，分别称为：水白玉、白玉、乌白玉、绿玉、绿白玉、天蓝玉、翠玉、青玉、紫玉、亮棕玉、黄玉、黄蓉玉、墨玉及杂色玉等。南阳玉开采历史悠久，陕西神木石峁出土的新石器时代龙山文化玉斧，1952年发现的殷墟玉器，1976年妇好墓出土的玉器都发现了以南阳玉为玉材的例证。现陈列于北海团城的元代渎山大玉瓮，也是用南阳玉琢制的。据文献记载，南阳玉的开采在汉代已有相当规模。至今独山上还有一千多个古代采玉的矿坑，可见南阳玉开采的历史之久，规模之盛。南阳玉的储量相当丰富，至今仍可形成规模生产。

3、酒泉玉：产于甘肃祁连山脉，因又有祁连玉之城。属蛇纹石族玉石。半透明，以绿色为多，带有均匀的黑色斑点。硬度为4.5度至5度。酒泉玉的开采史可上溯到新石器时代，武威娘娘台遗址出土的齐家文化的精美玉璧，即以酒泉玉制成。

4、岫岩玉：因主要产地在辽宁岫岩而得名，又称岫玉。属蛇纹石，形成于镁质碳酸岩的变质大理石中，我国这种地质环境的矿床很多，因而类似岫玉的产地很广泛。岫玉外观呈青绿色，黄绿色。半透明、抛光后呈蜡状光泽，硬度为3.5度至5度。新石器时代红山文化所用玉材，产于岫岩境内细玉沟，俗称老玉，为透闪石软玉。商代妇好墓出土玉器多数玉材与岫岩瓦沟矿产岫玉近似。瓦沟矿岫玉开采历史悠久，储量丰富。为我国当前主要产玉矿区，产量占全国60%左右。

5.和田玉分布于新疆莎车--塔什库尔干、和田--于阗、且末县绵延1500公里的昆仑山脉北坡，共有九个产地。和田玉的矿物组成以透闪石--阳起石为主。并含微量透辉石，蛇纹石、石墨、磁铁等矿物质。形成白色、青绿色、黑色、黄色等不同色泽。多数为单色玉，少数有杂色。玉质为半透明，抛光后呈脂状光泽，硬度5.5度至6.5度。和田玉夹生在海拔3500米至5000米高的山岩中。经长期风化剥解为大小不等的碎块，崩落在山坡上，再经雨水冲刷流入河中。待秋季河水干涸，在河床中采集的玉块称为籽玉、在岩层中开采的称山料。现已发现的用和田玉制作的时代最早的玉器，出自殷墟妇好墓。春秋战国以后，和田玉逐渐成为主要玉材，均为采集籽料，至清代始开采山料。清代乾隆时期琢制的大禹治水玉山，青玉材重一万零七百余斤，即采自密勒塔山中。

由於玉的种类繁杂，在矿物学、历史学及考古学上各有不同的分类，以及中国对「石之美者」的理解，除矿物学外玉的分类不仅繁杂而模糊，其种类也随之不胜枚举。

为解决这种分类混乱的情况，社会上曾提出过各种具体的分类方式，如将「玉」定义为矿物学的解释，而将「玉石」作为包容蛇纹石、岫岩玉、蓝田玉等其他传统上被认为是玉的矿物归类於此。或者将软玉划分出广义与狭义之分，狭义的软玉依然是透闪石、阳起石等物质为主的矿物，而广义上的软玉则是文化传统上所有被认为是玉的矿物集合。也有将软玉只定义为新疆的和田玉，其它皆为「传统玉材」，不一而足。

但准确而具有代表意义的分类除矿物学外上没有一个明确的共识，《中国大百科全书》定义是将「玉」作为「玉石」的简称，而「玉」的分类以矿物学定义为准。

因此，最广义上的「玉」包括：

·硬玉（翡翠）

·软玉（阳起石、透闪石）

·软玉（文化分类）

·岫岩玉

·蓝田玉

·青海玉

·俄罗斯玉

·新疆碧玉（天山碧玉）

·和田玉

·青白玉、羊脂玉

·依照颜色划分也有白玉、青玉、碧玉、黄玉、墨玉的分类方式。

·独山玉（南阳玉）

·酒泉玉

·汉白玉（大理石）

·灵壁玉

·猫眼石

·绿松石

·青金石

·珊瑚

·玛瑙