hetian jade

和田玉

Hetian jade

百科名片

Encyclopedia card

和田玉 是一种软玉，俗称真玉。狭义上的讲的玉，一般指新疆和田玉。英文名称Nephrite。化学成分是含水的钙镁硅酸盐，化学式为Ca：Mgs(OH)z(Si4011)2。硬度为6～6.5，密度为2.96—3.17。和田玉和陕西蓝田玉、河南南阳玉、甘肃酒泉玉、辽宁岫岩玉并称为中国五大名玉。

Hetian jade is a kind of soft jade, commonly known as the real jade. In a narrow sense of speak of jade, generally refers to xinjiang hetian jade. English name Nephrite. Chemical composition is aqueous calcium magnesium silicate, the patent for Ca: z (Mgs (OH) 2 Si4011). Hardness of 6 ~ 6.5, density of 296-3.17. Hetian jade and shaanxi lantian jade, henan nanyang jade, gansu jiuquan jade, liaoning xiuyan jade and called China's five hundred jade.



目录

directory



简介精品和田玉子料

Introduction high-quality goods hetian jade son material

假玉充斥市场

The market is flooded with false jade

和田玉籽玉的形成

Hetian jade seed jade formation

玉文化

Jade culture

产地分类

Origin classification

皮色分类

Wrappers classification

历史

history

成因

causes

产地

origin

特点

characteristics

区别

Difference between

物化特征

Physico-chemical characteristics

鉴别

identify

肉眼识别概述

Human eye identification overview

看玉器的材料

See jade materials

辨认造型纹饰

Identify modelling decorative

分析工艺细品艺术

Analyze the process fine taste art

尽量选购皮色子玉

Try to choose and buy leather piece of jade

选购子玉的特别之处

The choose and buy the son jade special

和田玉的选购诀窍

Hetian jade the choose and buy of tricks

雕琢

carve

仔料原生皮色特征概述

Seed makings native wrappers features overview

全包裹、微透明

Full package, micro transparent

颜色自然

Color natural

皮色有层次感

Wrappers have administrative levels feeling

皮似有一层不同颜色的毛毡

Skin is like have a layer of different colors of felt

无皮色的仔料

No light of seed makings

分类命名方法命名法则

Classification naming methods naming rules

细则表

Rules table

简介 精品和田玉子料

Introduction high-quality goods hetian jade son material

假玉充斥市场

False jade floods the market

和田玉籽玉的形成

Hetian jade seed jade formation

玉文化

Jade culture

产地分类

Origin classification

皮色分类

Wrappers classification

历史

history

成因

causes

产地

origin

特点

characteristics

区别物化特征鉴别肉眼识别

Difference between physicochemical characteristics identification of human eye identification

概述 看玉器的材料 辨认造型纹饰 分析工艺细品艺术 尽量选购皮色子玉 选购子玉的特别之处 和田玉的选购诀窍雕琢仔料原生皮色特征

Overview of material identify modelling look jade grain analysis process fine taste art try to choose and buy leather piece of jade jade choose and buy the son of special hetian jade carved the choose and buy of wang material native wrappers trick characteristics

概述 全包裹、微透明 颜色自然 皮色有层次感 皮似有一层不同颜色的毛毡 无皮色的仔料分类命名方法

Outlined all packages, micro transparent color skin natural light have administrative levels feeling like a layer of different colors of the taipa felt no light material classification naming methods

命名法则 细则表展开 编辑本段简介

Naming rules rules on editing this section profile table

　　和田玉是中华民族的瑰宝，曾几次提名要作为中国的“国石”。早在新石器时代，昆仑山下的先民们就发现 和田青花籽玉雕《佛手》

Hetian jade is Chinese national rarity, several nomination will as China GuoShi ". Early in the neolithic age, kun lun below the ancestors is found and HuaZi jade "song of aromatherapy

了和田玉，并作为瑰宝和友谊媒介向东西方运送和交流，形成了我国最古老的和田玉运输通道“玉石之路”，即后来的“丝绸之路”的前身。 　　对于鉴定部门和商家来说“玉”.“和田玉”的概念是同等的,模糊了“玉”与“和田玉”的产地之分，在鉴定证书里或我们在商场里买玉时玉都统称为“和田玉”但对于买玉的人来说，这从主观上是一种误导的销售行为。 　　众所周知，玉的产地.产量较大的有“青海玉”，“俄料”，“加碧”，家喻户晓的“和田玉”。大家为什么都这么认可“和田玉”呢？“和田玉”无论是从皮色，肉质及温润度来说都优于其他玉种，乃是玉中之珍。玉石鉴定部门因各种原因，主要是现在的仪器及技术水平有限都无法准确的鉴定玉石的产地之分。所以将玉种全部冠称“和田玉”,对鉴定部门来说还是商家来说，都是有好处的。但容易误导消费者。甚至有很多人慕名新疆的“和田玉”，在到新疆出差时专门带两块和田玉回去，送亲朋好友，对玉不是很懂的，大部分带回去的是青海料器，俄料等等~~~带回去的这些玉并非新疆地产的新疆和田玉。（包括鉴定证书上的和田玉）。 　　其实俄罗斯产的也是和田玉，他与新疆和田玉属于同一山脉，品质类似的。

The hetian jade, and as the treasure and friendship to the east and west transportation and communication media, formed in China's oldest hetian jade transport corridors "jade road", namely later "silk road" of the predecessor. For appraisal department and businessmen for "jade". "hetian jade" is the concept of equal, blurred "jade" and "hetian jade" origin of points in the certificate of authenticity or we in mall when buy jade jade commander-in-chief called "hetian jade" but to buy jade people, this from a subjective is a misleading sales action. As is known to all, the producing area of jade. Big producers have "qinghai jade", "Russia material", "added Bess," household "hetian jade". Why does everyone all so recognition "hetian jade"? "Hetian jade" whether from wrappers, fleshy and moist degree it is superior to other jade species, but in the jade jean. Jade appraisal department for various reasons, mainly is now instruments and technology level limited can accurately identified the origin of jade part. So will the jade of all crown says "hetian jade", the appraisal department is still businessman, it would be beneficial. But easily misdirect consumer. Even a lot of people traveled xinjiang "hetian jade", in a business trip to the xinjiang specially with two hetian jade back, send to friends and relatives, jade is not very good, so most take back feeder, Russia is qinghai material etc ~ ~ ~ take back the jade is not real estate of xinjiang hetian jade in xinjiang. (including appraisal certificate of hetian jade). Actually made in Russia is hetian jade, he and xinjiang hetian jade belong to the same mountains, quality similar.

精品和田玉子料

High-quality goods hetian jade son material

　　 罕见的桃花玉与黄玉结合体

Rare peach blossom with topaz jade combination

好的和田玉子料，形状.白度及皮色及润度都是好才称上精品。子料是在河床里千年不断的打磨冲刷之后形成的，如能收上一块形状极佳且瑕疵较少的子料，的确是很难得，价格在市场上也很高。俗话说玉不琢不成器,用在料形很漂亮的子玉身上不是很恰当,存在就可以雕琢成各种精美的器件，相同的东西也可以做很多。但对于玉龙河赐予形状漂亮的子料来说，任何一款仅此一件,连打个眼都舍不得打,建议采取用包金或包银的形式来保留住子料原有的形状。天然的不用雕琢即是一块精美的挂件了。这种形佳的子料胜过任何大师的杰作。

Good hetian jade expected, the son shape. Whiteness and light and embellish degrees are good to say on high-quality goods. The son is in the bed material continuously scouring after grinding millennium formed, such as receive a shape stunning and flaws less son material, it is very rare, price in the market is also very high. As the saying goes, and the aptest child needs teaching, use on the material form very beautiful child jade body isn't very fitting and existence can carve into various elegant device, the same thing also can do a lot of. But for the yulong river give shape beautiful child materials for, any one particular only one thing, even make a eye grudge dozen, we suggest to take with hooks or wrap large form to keep the son of the original shape material. Natural need not carve namely is a beautiful hanging-crafts. This shape better son material than any master's masterpiece.

假玉充斥市场

The market is flooded with false jade

　　现在市面上很多价格极低的“京白玉”和“阿玉”以及“巴玉”这些料器和玉挂不上勾，属于大理石的一种，大理石有的放射性元素极高，家庭装修要尽里少用这种矿物质。如果配戴在身上，对人身体还极大的损害。

On market now many give-away prices "jing white jade" and "she" and "BaYu" these feeder and jade not hook, belong to hang a marble, marble some radioactive elements is extremely high, a family to decorate to do with this kind of minerals in less. If wear in the body, the body of people still great damage.

和田玉籽玉的形成

Hetian jade seed jade formation

　　籽玉(籽料或水料)是由山料,经冰川不断裂解崩落，地震风化或雨季被洪水冲入河道并受到河水的长期碰撞冲刷侵蚀经千万年的冲刷所形成,籽玉因被水长年浸泡,冲刷,打磨,所余下的质地：细糯、滋润、密度大，具有玉液之光泽,所以籽玉为玉中之珍品. 和田玉烟壶

Seed jade (seed makings or water material) is a mountain, the glacier continuously feeding, earthquake weathering or cracking caving rainy season by flood into river and by the river's long-term collision scour erosion by thousands of years of scour formed by water, seed jade elder soak, flush, grinding, the rest of the texture: the thin waxy, moisten, big density, has the way his poems did the burnish, so seed jade is jade of treasures. YanHu hetian jade

玉龙喀什河:玉龙喀什河，即古代著名的白玉河。这条河源于昆仑山。流入塔里木盆地后，与喀拉喀什河汇和成和阗河，河流长325公里，有不少支流，流域面积1.45万平方公里，河里盛产白玉、青玉和墨玉，自古以来是和阗出玉的主要河流。人们拣玉主要在中游，而上游因地势险恶，很难到达。黑山地区（籽玉发源地之一）发现白玉后，给找玉人带来新的希望，人们冒险前 往。黑山，即古称之喀朗圭塔克，其山是昆仑山之主峰之一，高峰达7562米，群山峻巅，冰雪盖 地。产玉地点为阿格居改山谷，此为玉龙喀什河支流之一，距喀什塔什乡里山大队约30多公里，部分河段冰积物广布，山坡崩塌，巨砾遍布，只有徒步到达，雪线以上冰川遍布，海拔高5000米以上，相对高600—1000米。冰川的冰舌前缘部位，因冰川下移至雪线附近逐渐融化常常发现自上源携带的和阗玉砾。冰川的舌部高达数十米至百余米，晴日不断裂解崩落，伴随着雷鸣般的巨声，漂砾与冰块滚泻而下，落入河中，故在冰河之下也可以找到美玉。雪融水每日有一次洪水，洪水把巨大的冰块沿河冲向下方，这些冰块及冰层融化后也露出玉砾。产出的玉石有 和田玉仔料挂件

Yulong kashi river yulong kashi river, namely: the famous ancient BaiYuHe. This line of heyuan in kunlun mountain. Into the tarim basin, and hatem pull kashi river junction and into the river, rivers and tachiwakaba 325 kilometers long, many tributaries, basin of 1.45 million square kilometers, the river teems with white jade, jade and mo, since the ancient times and tachiwakaba jade is a major rivers. People pick jade mainly in the middle and upper because topography sinister, very difficult to reach. Montenegro area (seed jade headstreams) found that white jade, jade to find who brings new hope, people venture into before. Montenegro, namely the vaineava lang armorica miguel tucker, its kunlun mountain is one of the main peak of 7562 meters, mountains, snow and ice cover topped top. Yield jade place for agger in valley, the change of yulong kashi river for one, is apart from the tributary kashi tower assorted village mountain brigade about 30 kilometres river ice deposition thing part bermudagrass, hillside collapse, huge gravel throughout, only to hike up to more than snowline, glacier, throughout 5000 metres high altitudes above, relatively high 600-1000 meters. Glacier ice tongue front place, because move to near the snowline glacier melt often find gradually since the source carry and tachiwakaba jade gravel. Glacier tongue gundam tens of meters to more than 100 meters, sunny day, with continuous cracking caving thunderous huge sound, bleaching gravel and ice rolling down but lay, fell into the river, therefore, in glaciers beneath can also find mei-yu. Snow melt water daily once floods, flood giant ice river rushed to the lower part, these ice and ice melt hind also showed jade gravel. The output of the jade has hetian jade wang material add-ons

白玉和墨玉。这个地区应有原生和阗玉矿床，是玉龙喀什河中子玉的主要来源之一。玉龙喀什河离和田市中心大约２０分钟的车程。在河的上游50公里出白色籽玉，带皮籽玉一般产在河的下游。当地人在山洪过后，冬春闲暇时分，常有到河中捡玉的习惯。他们捡玉主要是在河的中游，上下游因地势险恶，所以很难到达。

Report mo. This area due primary and tachiwakaba jade ore deposits, is the jade dragon kashi river, one of the main sources of neutron jade. Yulong kashi river from hetian downtown about 20 minutes. In river upstream of 50 kilometers out white seeds with skin seed jade, jade general produces in the river downstream. Locals in flash floods after between leisure afternoon, often have to pick up the habit of jade in the river. They pick up jade mainly in the middle reaches of the river because of topography, upstream and downstream sinister, so it is difficult to reach.

编辑本段玉文化

Editor this DuanYu culture

　　玉文化是历史最悠久、最能代表东方文明的古文化之一，玉代表了品德高尚、美好与尊贵。2003年10月底历经几年时间的中国“国玉”评选工作结束，新疆和田玉获得“美玉”称号，被中国宝玉石协会正式命名为“中国国石”。

Jade culture is the oldest and most represent one of the eastern civilization, ancient jade represents high character, good and honorable. At the end of October 2003 time after years of China's "kingdom jade" selection work over, xinjiang hetian jade obtained "mei-yu" title, by the Chinese valuablejade association officially named "China GuoShi".

编辑本段产地分类

Edit this paragraph origin classification

　　和田玉分布于塔里木盆地之南的昆仑山.西起喀什地区塔什库尔干县之东的安大力塔格及阿拉孜山,中经和田地区南部的桑株塔格、铁克里克塔格、柳什塔格，东至且末县南阿尔金山北翼的肃拉穆宁塔格。和田玉成矿带连续长1100多公里。在高山之上分布着和田玉的原生矿床及矿点，海拔在4000米以上，不少河流中还产出名贵的和田子玉。 和田玉 玉器

Hetian jade distributed in tarim basin in the south of kunlun mountain. West up region of east of the tashikuergan county, vigorously tower case and Allah kirgiz mountain, hydrosphere hotan region south of mulberry plants tower lattices, iron crick tower lattices, liu assorted tower lattice, east to JuMoXian south north wing of altun adjudicates pull MuNing tower frame. Hetian jade metallogenic belt continuous long more than 1,100 kilometers. In the high above the primary deposits distributed the hetian jade and mines ", the elevation in 4000 meters, many rivers also output rare hetian jade son. Hetian jade jade

1.山料 　　山料又称山玉,或叫宝盖玉,指产于山上的原生矿，如白玉山料，青白玉山料等等。 　　2.山流水 　　山流水指原生矿石经风化崩落,并由河水搬运至河流中上游的玉石。山流水的特点是距原生矿近,块度较大,其玉料表面棱角稍有磨圆。 　　3.子玉 　　子玉又名籽料，指原生矿剥蚀被流水搬运到河床的玉石。它分布于河床及两侧阶地中，玉石裸露地表或埋于地下。子玉的特点是块度较小，常为卵形，表面光滑。因为经达几千搬运、冲刷及筛选，所以子玉一般质量最好。在河流下游的子玉有各种颜色，白玉籽料，青白玉籽料，青玉籽料，墨玉籽料，碧玉籽料，黄玉籽料。由于玉的籽料本就难分，去皮后更难以辨认，所以市面上很多不是和田地区的白玉籽料。　和田玉颜色分类：和田玉玉质按颜色不同,可分为白玉、青玉、墨玉、黄玉四类,记载中有红玉一说但至今未见. 　　1. 白玉: 　　白玉的颜色由白到青白,叫法上也多种多样,且比喻的也很形像，有季花白,石蜡白,鱼肚白,梨花白,月白等.白玉是和田玉中的高档玉石,块度一般不大.但白玉子又是白玉中的上等材料，质量最佳.有的白玉子经氧化后其表面又带有一定颜色,秋梨色叫"秋梨子",虎皮色叫"虎皮子",枣色叫"枣皮子".都是和田玉名贵品种。 　　白玉按颜色还可分为羊脂玉和青白玉. 　　(1)羊脂玉 　　羊脂玉因色似羊脂,故名.质地细腻,"白如截脂",给人一种刚中见柔的 国家级玉雕大师作品

1. Also called material feeding mountain mountain mountain jade, or called treasure jade, refers to cover from the mountains of the original mineral, such as BaiYuShan material, stimulation esb materials, etc. 2. Mountain water flowing water refers to the original ore by mountain, and by the weathering caving jade ethnics-people handling into rivers. Mountain of water from original mineral characteristics is near, for larger pieces, its jade expected surface edges slightly ground round. 3. The son and son jade jade name seed makings, refers to the original mineral water denudation by handling river jade. It is distributed in the river on both sides and terraces, jade bare surface or buried underground. The son of jade is characteristic of the fragmentation is lesser, often for ovoid, smooth surface. Because the thousands of handling, flushing and screening, so the son jade general best quality. In the lower reaches of rivers son jade have a variety of colors, white jade, green seed makings marble seed makings, sapphire seed makings, mo seed makings, jasper seed makings, topaz seed makings. Due to the jade seed makings this difficult points, remove the crust from the more difficult to read so many not hotan region on market of white jade seed makings. Hetian jade color classification: according to different colour, hetian jade jade jade, jade, can be divided into four categories, mo, topaz recorded in Monday but has not seen carbuncle. 1. White jade: white jade color from white to stimulation, also called varied, and metaphor is also very image, white, gray and paraffin season YuDuBai, pear, pale white marble is hetian jade, etc. The high-grade jade, fragmentation BaiYuZi is general not big. But the classy material, quality white best. Some BaiYuZi by oxidation after its surface and a certain color, autumn pear color is called "autumn pears," tiger skin color is called "son", jujube color is called "ZaoPi son." are hetian jade valuable varieties. White jade color-coded also can be divided into suet white jade and green. (1) the suet jade suet jade color like suet, reason for name. The texture is fine and smooth, "white like cut fat", give a person a kind of firm in see soft state-level jade carving master works

感觉.这是白玉子玉中最好的品种,目前世界上仅新疆有此品种，产出十分稀少,极其名贵. 　　(2)青白玉 　　青白玉以白色为基调,在白玉中隐隐闪绿、闪青、闪灰等，常见有葱白、粉青、灰白等,属于白玉与青玉的过渡品种,和田玉中较为常见。 　　2.黄玉 　　黄玉由淡黄到深黄色,有栗黄、秋葵黄、黄花黄、鸡蛋黄、虎皮黄等色。黄玉十分罕见，在几千年探玉史上，仅偶尔见到，质优者同等于羊脂玉。 　　3.青玉 　　青玉有淡青色到深青色，颜色的种类很多，其颜色深浅不同，有淡青、深青、碧青，灰青、深灰青、翠青等。和田玉中青玉最多，肉质细腻的青玉这两年价值也不断的攀升。 　　4.墨玉 　　墨玉由墨色到淡黑色，其墨色多为云雾状条带状等。有乌云片、淡墨光、金貂须、美人须等。在整块料中，墨的程度强弱不同，深淡分布不均，多见于与青玉、白玉过渡。一般有全墨，聚墨、点墨之分。聚黑指青玉或白玉中墨较聚集，可用作俏色。点墨则分散成点，影响使用。墨玉大都是小块的，其黑色皆因含较多的细微石墨鳞片所致。

Feeling. This is the best in BaiYuZi jade varieties, in the world at present only xinjiang have this item, output is very rare, extremely rare. (2) the green jade green jade is fundamental key with white, marble, flash in faint flash green green, ash shem, common have set, pink blue, gray, belong to white jade with sapphire transition varieties, hetian jade in the more common. 2. Topaz topaz by weak yellow to deep chestnut yellow, yellow, okra yellow, yellow skin, the egg is yellow, yellow wait for color. Topaz is very rare and exploration in thousands of years history, only occasionally jade meet, fine quality and good person with equal suet jade. 3. Sapphire blue jade have weak cyan color to deep cyan, there are many kinds of color, the color depth is different, have weak cyan, deep green, is HuiQing, deep, HuiQing, CuiQing etc. Hetian jade, jade in the most exquisite jade meat.it two this years value also constantly rising. 4 mo mo by inky black ink to light, the more for nebulee/the ribbon etc. There are black clouds slice, light ink light, gold sable beard, beauty must etc. In the entire block expected, ink, the degree of different intensity deep light uneven distribution, see more at with sapphire, jade transition. Generally have all ink, poly ink, some ink cent. Gather jade or white jade in the black refers to ink is gathered, can be used as qiao color. Some ink is dispersed point, the influence is used. Mo mostly small pieces, the black is for contains more subtle graphite flake be caused by.

编辑本段皮色分类

Edit this paragraph wrappers classification

　　璞玉的外皮，按其成份和产状等特征，可分为色皮，糖皮，石皮三类。 　　色皮：和阗子玉外表分布的一层玉皮有各种颜色。玉石界以各种颜色而命名，如黑皮子、鹿皮子等等。从皮色可以看出子玉的质量，如黑皮子、鹿皮子等，多为上等白玉好料。同种质量的子玉，如带有秋梨等皮色，价值更高。玉皮的厚度很薄，一般小于1毫米。色皮的形态各种各样，有的成云朵状，有的为脉状，有的成散点状。色皮的形成，是由于和田玉中的氧化亚铁在氧化条件下转变成三氧化铁所致，所以它是次生的。有经验的拾玉者，到中下游去找带色皮的子玉；而往上游，找到色皮子玉的机会就很少。此外，在原生玉矿体的裂缝附近也嫩能偶尔发现带皮的山料，这也是由于次生氧化形成的。 和田玉 玉器

The contemporary frustration.just skins, according to its composition and occurrence of shape features, such as can be divided into color skin, sugar skin, ShiPi three categories. Color skin: and tachiwakaba son jade appearance distribution of a layer of jade skin are of various colors. Jade bounded with all sorts of color names, be like black leather, deerskin son, etc. From light can see the quality of the jade son, such as black leather, deerskin son, for such as superior white jade good material. The same quality of the jade, such as child with autumn pear, higher value, such as wrappers Jade leather thickness is very thin, generally less than 1 mm. Color of skin form various, some into clouds form, some for pulse shape, some into scattered patch. Color of skin, is due to the formation of ferrous oxide in hetian jade oxidation conditions caused by transforming into three iron oxide, so it is secondary. Experienced picked up the middle of jade, to find with color of skin son jade, To find the upstream, color fur jade the chance of a few. In addition, the primary jade ore near the crack also can occasionally detected with skin tender mountain of material, this is due to secondary oxidation formation. Hetian jade jade

糖皮：指和田玉山料外表分布的一层黄褐及酱色玉皮，因颜色似红糖色，故把有糖皮玉石称为糖玉。糖玉的糖皮厚度较大，从几厘米到20--30厘米，常将白玉或青玉包围起来，呈过渡关系，糖玉产于矿体裂隙附近。糖玉是氧化环境的产物，系和田玉形成后，由残余岩浆水沿和田玉矿体裂隙渗透，使氧化亚铁转化为三氧化二铁的结果，糖皮即为氧化铁染的结果。 　　石皮：指和田玉山料外表包围的围岩。围岩一种是透闪石化白云大理石岩，再开采时同玉一起开采出来，附于玉的表面，这种石包玉的石与玉界限清楚，可以分离。当他经流水或冰川的长期冲刷和搬运后，石与玉则分离。围岩另一种是透闪石岩。如和田玉再形成过程中交代了粗晶状的透闪石，由于交代不彻底，在玉的表面常附有粗晶透闪石，这种石皮与玉界限过渡。叫阴阳面，阴面是指玉外表的这种石质。 　　购买和田白玉大致从以下角度去判断：首先观查白度等级够不够，再看玉液的润度够不够，即玉质是否细腻，水线所占比例，仅占一两条，没有什么问题，玉花所占的比例，杂质多不多，玉面有无裂缝，要是喜欢皮色最后再看玉的皮色是否艳丽，秋梨皮、枣红皮、鹿皮、撒金皮~~~这些都是和田玉的名贵品种，但要防止假皮哦。基本上掌握了这些原则，相信你会选上一块不错的玉。 　　对于大多数的初级玩玉及想买和田玉的人来说，都想以最便宜的价买一块真正的新疆和田玉，御府工坊在这里主要强调的是玉石的产地，想买上一块真正的和田玉产地至关重要。 　　很多人一进到玉器销售点及经营店，而对于一些初玩玉者来说，他们所说的想买的和田玉则是真正意义上和田产的和田玉，而不是买一个统称和田玉的一个品牌，这是一个极大的误区。现在在网上买玉的也基本上是这种情况，那一个商家都不会把自己的玉很清楚的标明，写上青海料、俄料、加碧、或者是俄籽儿，因为这么一标明，很多人就不会来买，会流失很多客户。买家就会想我买的是和田玉，和田在新疆，怎么青海和俄罗斯也产和田玉？ 　　这时初玩玉者你再把商家问急了，这时商家就会说，如果你不信就拿去做鉴定，如 和田玉貔貅

Candy: refers to the hetian jade materials skin layer of tyrosinance appearance distribution and skin, because color jade soy-been like red TangSe, so the sugar skin jade called sugar jade. Sugar jade sugar skin from several centimeters thickness is bigger, to 20-30 centimeters, often be white or sapphire surrounded, show liminal, sugar jade ore near crack from. Sugar jade is oxidation the creature of circumstances; is formed by the residual hetian jade ore magma water along the fissures penetration, made hetian jade ferrous oxide into trioxide iron results, sugar skin namely for iron oxide dyeing results. Hetian jade ShiPi: refers to the surrounding material appearance surrounded. A kind of surrounding rock is through flash petrochemical baiyun Dali shizi mined, again with jade together mined, attached to the surface, the jade stone BaoYu stone and jade boundaries clear, can be separated. When he by the running water or ice scour and handling after long-term, stone and jade is separated. Rock another kind is through flash as travertino marble. Such as hetian jade again form process explaination for coarse crystallin through flash stone, because metasomatism is not complete, in jade surface often accompanied by coarse grain through flash stone, this ShiPi and jade boundaries transition. That Yin and Yang noodles, an refers to the appearance of the rocky jade. Buy hetian jade roughly from the following Angle to judge: first observation whiteness level is enough, again see way his poems did the embellish degrees is enough, namely the jade is exquisite, both proportion, accounted for only bearable (6), no problem, YuHua proportion, impurities, more or less, jade face without cracks, if like light again finally see jade wrappers whether gorgeous, autumn pear skin, dates, deerskin, and red one JinPi ~ ~ ~ these are hetian jade rare species, but have to prevent the fake leather oh. Basically master these principles, believe you will choose a good jade. For most of the primary play jade and want to buy hetian jade people, all want to with the cheapest price buy a real xinjiang hetian jade, royal house gunsmith here primary emphasis is on the jade producing area, want to buy a real hetian jade origin is very important. Many people entered the jade outlets and operation store, but for some early play jade speakers, what they want to buy hetian jade is true sense and whether hetian jade, rather than buy a collectively hetian jade a brand, this is a great error. Now buy online jade also basically is the case, then a businessman will not put their jade very clearly, write Russian makings, qinghai makings, add Bess, or a Russian ZiEr, because such a marked, many people won't buy, lose many clients. The buyer will think I buy is hetian jade, hetian in xinjiang, how qinghai and Russia were hetian jade? When you play the early jade again the businessman asked nasty, then merchants will be said, if you don't believe took to do identification, such as hetian jade the mythical wild animal

果不是和田玉我赔你十倍的价钱，对于我来说多少倍的价钱我都敢赔，为什么呢？关健就是玉器的鉴定机构在鉴定书上没有玉石的产地之分，所以都统称和田玉。如果按产地细分，说心里话的确不好分类，青海料，俄料，籽料~~~我们平时只是靠经验来判断，怎么来按产地来区分对于鉴定机构或者商家来说没有一个明确的界线及标准，的确不好归类。相信鉴定机构没有错，至少证明这是一块真正的玉石。对于初级玩玉的人来说，还是少接触山料，虽然和田有大量的山料，但很白很润的倒非常的少。一开始起点就要稍高一点，这时你就要多接触和田的籽料，和田的籽料也就是我们真正意义上的和田玉，因为青海不产籽料，俄籽儿虽然也有但也较好区分，对于想玩真正意义上的和田玉的人来说会少走很多的弯路。

Fruit is not hetian jade me compensate you ten times the price of, to me how many times the price of I dare to compensate, why? Key is jade accrediting agencies in no jade to appraise the origin of the points, so are collectively hetian jade. If press origin segments, to tell the truth really bad classification, qinghai material, and materials, the seed makings ~ ~ ~ we usually just by experience, to judge how to press origin to differentiate for appraisal organization or businessmen may have a definite boundaries and standard, really bad classification. Believe appraisal orgnaization not wrong, prove at least this is a real jade. For primary play jade person, still less contact mountain material, although hetian have plenty of mountain material, but very white very embellish pour are few. A starting point will begin a little higher, but you will contact the hetian of seed makings, hetian of seed makings also is our true sense of hetian jade, because qinghai doesn't come, and seed makings ZiEr though there are also but is better also distinguish, to want to play in the true sense of the person will be less hetian jade walk a lot of detour.

编辑本段历史

Editor this period of history

　　新疆玉石是我国玉石群中的佼佼者，其中又以新疆和田玉最负盛名。《千字文》有“金生丽水，玉出昆冈”之说。昆冈玉就是指的和田玉。《新疆图志》载，和田玉有“绀”(红青)、黄、青、碧、玄(黑)、白数色”。和田白玉名闻中外，西汉文学家东方朔的《海内十洲记》曾誉其为“白玉之精”。历代进贡皇帝的新疆玉石，多取自这种和田白玉之最上品。由于这种白玉质地细腻，纯洁浑白，色如羊脂，故又名羊脂玉。 史籍对和田玉记载甚多。《穆天子传》载周穆王巡游昆仑，曾“攻其玉石，取玉版三乘，载玉万只”而归。这个记述虽然不可尽信，但从中可以窥见纪元前的人们已经知道昆仑山是盛产玉石的地方了。以后各代历史对和田玉的记述渐多，也更见真实。《旧唐书•西域传》称于阗国“出美玉……贞观六年，遣使献玉带，太宗优诏答之”。《明史•西域传》称于阗“其国东有白玉河，西有绿玉河，又西有黑玉河，源皆出昆仑山。土人夜视月光盛处，入水采之，必得美玉”。这里所说的于阗，即今和田。白玉、绿玉、黑玉三河即今之玉龙喀什河、和田河和喀拉哈什河。我国第一部科技著作、明末宋应星所著的《天工开物》一书的《珠玉》卷中，对和田玉的历史、特点、采法等等，作了生动的综述。古籍这些记录，用今日和田产玉的现状来检验，足以令人深信不疑。 　　清萧雄诗：“玉拟羊脂温且腴，昆冈气脉本来殊。六城人拥双河畔，入水非求径寸珠。”就是吟咏这种捞玉风习的。清代，采玉更盛，一些商贾雇当地劳力上昆仑山采挖玉石。民国初年，于阗县深山产玉处已有齐家矿坑、杨家矿坑等，商人从中大获其利，而新疆第一代采玉矿工也由此产生。 　　从殷商时期开始，和田玉就进入了中原。和田玉从新疆经过甘肃、陕西或山西才能运抵河南，路途漫长，弥足珍贵。传说在2900年前，周天子穆王乘八骏大辇，出玉门登昆仑，受到西王母的热烈欢迎，曾载玉万只而归。传说归传说，和田玉的确是在周朝成为政治生活的一部分，不论祭祀、礼仪，还是朝见皇帝，都有一套完整的规定，国家生活重礼崇乐的玉文化传统基本定型。汉朝张骞通西域后，和田玉大量进入中原，成为中国玉文化的主导材料，成为一种价值的象征。

Xinjiang jade is China's jade group of outstanding in xinjiang hetian jade, which is most prestigious. The QianZiWen "have" JinSheng lishui, jade out nanning-guiyang-kunming Oregon, "said. Quentin Wolfgang jade is refers to the hetian jade. The xinjiang illustrated journal of load, hetian jade "Gan" (GongQing), yellow, green, Bess, xuan (black), white color. "hetian jade several famous litterateur, han Chinese and foreign DongFangShuo the subpolar ten states ji had its reputation as" white jade essence ". Successive emperors of xinjiang tribute from this hetian jade, white is the most top grade. Because of this white jade pure fine texture, muddy white, such as color suet, so it is also name suet jade. To reseatch recorded very much. "hetian jade emperor biography of jose mourinho, who carried mu began to cruise kunlun" attack the jade, jade version 3 x, take carrying jade million "and return. This record though to be treated with caution, but we can see the people already know before age kunlun is abound in jade place. After each generation of hetian jade jewelry history gradually much, also more see true. The old tang book, the western YuTian kingdom" biography, says the mei-yu... Zhen six years, contradiction, who was offered jade belt linked to a "optimal ennui." Ming, the western YuTian "biography says his country BaiYuHe east, west with green YuHe and west have HeiYuHe, source is out of kunlun mountain. When the barbarians night-vision moonlight shing place, enter the water, and shall adopt the ". Here said the jade YuTian, namely today hetian jade, green jade,. HeiYu sanhe namely the yulong kashi river, this HeTianHe and hatem pull ha assorted river. Our country the first technology works, Ming SongYingXing his "characterized in the book of the open content" volume bead jade of hetian jade history, characteristic, the mining method and so on, were reviewed. The vivid ancient books these records, use today and the present situation to test whether jade is enough to make sure. XiaoXiong poem: "jade qing fitting suet temperature and the wateriness, the Vatican nadis was very special. Six city people hug double river, enter the water not beg diameter inch beads. "Is this chanting. Scoop jade ethos, collect jade qing dynasty more quickly, some businessmen hire local labor on excavation of jade. The early republic kunlun mountains, YuTian county yield jade mines, Yang's founding in existing mines etc, businessmen from of the levites, and xinjiang first-generation gather jade miners also the resulting from shells., starting when hetian jade into zhongyuan. Hetian jade from xinjiang by gansu, shaanxi, shanxi, henan province can be reached or long journey exetremely percious. 29 years ago Kings legends in MuWang times eight bioer big chariot, out by west kunlun yumen ascends, was warmly welcomed by carrying jade million and return. Legend to legend, hetian jade is indeed become political life in the zhou dynasty, whatever part of sacrifice, etiquette, still appear before the emperor, a complete set of regulation, the country life heavy ritual of music and the jade culture tradition, chung basic finalize the design. ZhangQianTong western han dynasty, hetian jade massively entered the central plains, becoming China's jade culture of dominant material, become a kind of value symbol.

编辑本段成因

Editor this paragraph causes

　　从地质科学观点看，和田玉有明确的科学含义。它是指分布于中国昆仑山，有镁质大理岩与中酸性岩浆接触交替而形成的玉矿，有白玉、黄玉、青玉、墨玉等一系列品种，尤以白玉为代表。它的成因、品种在世界软玉中居独特地位，具有典型意义。世界软玉品种单一，且多为碧玉，而和田玉品种多，有世界罕见的白玉，玉质居世界软玉之冠。世界矿床为蛇蚊岩型，与超基性岩有关，而和田玉矿床为非蛇蚊岩型，其成因不是区域变质形成，而是典型的接触交代形成，这些在世界上都是非常独特的。

From geological scientific viewpoint, hetian jade have clear scientific meaning. It refers to the distribution in the kunlun have magnesia marble and medium acidic magma contact alternately formed jade mine, white jade, topaz, jade, mo and so on a series of varieties, especially in the white jade represented. It causes, variety in the world in the habitat nephrite jade unique status, typical significance. World nephrite breed a single, and more for jasper, and many varieties and has world hetian jade rare white jade, jade occupies the nephrite coronal. World deposits for snake mosquito rock type, and ultra base sex rocks are concerned, and hetian jade ore deposits is a snake mosquitoes, whose cause rock type regional metamorphism formation, but not typical of the contact metasomatism formation in the world, these are very unique.

编辑本段产地

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　　和田玉分布于新疆莎车——喀什库尔干、和田—于阗、且末县绵延1500公里的昆仑山北坡，共有9个产地。和田玉的矿物组成以透闪石——阳起石为主，并含微量透辉石、蛇纹石、石墨、磁铁等矿物质，形成白色、青绿色、黑色、等不同色泽。多数为单色玉，少数有杂色，玉质为半透明，抛光后呈脂状光泽。 　　和田玉夹生在海拔3500米至5000米高的山岩中。经长期分化剥解为大小不等的碎块，崩落在山坡上，再经雨水冲刷流入河中。待秋季河水干涸，在河床中采集玉块称为籽玉，在岩层中开采的称山料。现已发现的用和田玉制作的时代最早的玉器，出自殷墟妇好墓。春秋战国以后，和田玉成为主要玉材，均为采集籽料，至清代始开采山料。清代乾隆时期琢制的大禹治水玉山，青玉材重5000余公斤，即采自弥勒塔山中。

Hetian jade distributed in xinjiang Sally car - kashi KuErGan, hetian - YuTian, JuMoXian stretches 1,500 km north kunlun mountain, a total of 9 origin. Hetian jade of mineral composition with through flash stone - actinolite primarily, and contain trace thoroughly pyroxene, serpentine, graphite, magnet, forming minerals such as white, green, black, and so on the different colour and lustre. Most are monochromatic jade, a few noise, the quality of the jade for translucent, after polishing is fat shape burnish. Hetian jade raw at an altitude of 3,500 meters to 5000 metres high cliffs. After long-term differentiation of different size strip solution for applied, caving on the hillside, then after the rains washed out into river. Stay in bed, dry autumn river gather jade pieces called seed jade, in rock formation in mining says mountain material. It had discovered that the use of the earliest times made hetian jade, jade from compartmentalizes the huan-yuan site's tomb. Spring and autumn and warring states later, hetian jade become major YuCai, all of the acquisition seed makings, to qing beginning mining mountain material. Qing qianlong period cut system of dayu hydrogeophysical-remote esb, green YuCai weighs more than 5,000 kg, namely collected from DaShan maitreya.

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　　一、矿物为透闪石，矿物粒度极细，具有毛毡状结构 　　世界上闪石玉有透闪石和阳起石两类。和田玉属透闪石类，矿物成分为透闪石。主要特点：一是透闪石含量极高，一般在95％以上，其中白玉为99％，青白玉为98％，青玉为97％(95％一99％)，在国内外同类透闪石玉中和田玉透闪石含量是较高的。二是杂质矿物极少。一般为1％一3％，多在1％左右。三是矿物粒度极细，为显微晶质和隐晶质。透闪石矿物在偏光显微镜下见为纤维状、针状、叶片状，在透射电子显微镜下为长柱状、短柱状纤维状。据部分样品测定，在电子显微镜下粒度为：短柱状为0．0046mm×0．0013mm、0． 0063ram*0．0036ram，长宽比为2：1或3：1；长柱状为0．01m×0．0028ram、0．004ram×0．0008mm、0．01 2mm×0．0012ram，长宽比为3：1或5：l、10：1；纤维状为0．0004mm×0．000021mm*0．0021ITlnl×0． 00007ram，长宽比为20：1或30：1。粒度之细在国内外同类透闪石玉中也是少有的。四是结构以毛毡状为典型，粒度均匀，交织成毡毯一般，这是质地细腻致密的重要原因，而这种结构为其他类玉石所少有。 　　二、质地细腻、温润 　　质地是玉石质量的综合表现，包括形状、滋润程度、裂纹、杂质等等。和田玉由于其矿物组成和结构的特点，决定了其质地优良。表现在：一是由于其粒度极细，所以质地非常细腻，是古人所谓的“缜密而栗”，为其他玉石所不及．。二是温润滋泽，即具有油脂(脂肪)光泽，给人以滋润柔和之感，是古人所谓的“温润而泽”，羊脂玉就是以玉滋润如羊脂一样而驰名天下。三是有适中的透明度，即是“水头好”，呈微透明，琢成的玉件显得水灵，有生气。四是杂质极少，有的达到无瑕的程度，而且里外一致，是古人所谓的“瑕不掩瑜，瑜不掩瑕”，或“角愚理自外，可以知中”。 　　三、硬度较大 　　硬度是玉石质量重要标准之一，硬度大，则玉器抛光性好，亮度好，且能长期保存。因此，工艺界以往在划分低、高档玉中，硬度是一个重要指标，一般说来，高档玉硬度较大，低档玉硬度较小。和田玉的硬度，经测定摩氏硬度为6．5—6．9，与翡翠相近，而比蛇纹石玉(硬度为2。6，一般为4左右)和叶腊石类石(硬度一般低，一般为2．5。4)为高。独山玉，硬度与和田玉相似，但是质地不如和田玉。 　　四、韧度极大 　　韧度对玉器极为重要，韧度大，则不易破碎，而且耐磨，对于玉器的艺术造型和精雕细刻有极大好处。韧是打击硬度，有的硬度很大，如黑金刚石摩氏硬度为10，水晶摩氏硬度为7，但是打击硬度低，一打即碎。而和田玉摩氏硬度虽不及金刚石和水晶高，但是打击硬度很高。据测定，和田玉的抗压强度高达6 542公斤／平方厘米，也就是说，如压碎和田玉，必须在每平方厘米上施加约6．5吨压力；而压碎钢铁，只需要施加4～5吨压力。 　　韧度是研磨硬度，和田玉属透闪石玉，韧度大是其特色。据世界上宝玉石的韧度资料显示，黑金刚石为10，透闪石玉为9，翡翠、红宝石、蓝宝石为8，金刚石、水晶、海蓝宝石为7。7． 5，橄榄石为6，祖母绿为5．5，黄晶、月光石为5，猫眼石为3，萤石为2。如以透闪石玉韧度为1 000，其他玉石或矿物相对韧度为：翡翠500，蛇纹石(如岫玉)250，石英岩10。20，石英5，刚玉2～3，云母2。可见，透闪石玉的韧度在玉石中是最大的，这是和田玉最重要的特色，是其他玉石不能比拟的。 　　五、颜色纯正，有世之稀宝羊脂玉 玉石的颜色，对工艺鉴定十分重要，包括色调、色纯、色浓诸方面。玉石有多种多样的颜色，人们对玉颜色的追求因时代而不同，如中国古代，在“三代”时 和田玉 玉器

A, mineral is tremolite, mineral granularity very fine, and has felt shape structure in the world ShiYuYou through flash flash stone and actinolite two kinds. Hetian jade genera through flash stone class, mineral composition is tremolite. Main features: one is through flash stone extremely high content, general at 95%, including white jade is 99%, green jade, jade for 98% for 97% (95% a 99%), in domestic and foreign similar through flash through flash ShiYuZhong hetian jade stone content is higher. 2 it is impurity mineral rarely. Usually a 1%, more in 1% to 3%. Three mineral granularity very fine, and for microscopic crystal quality and implicit crystal qualitative. Through flash stone mineral in polarizing microscope next see for fibrous, needle, leaf shape, in transmission electron microscope for long cylindrical, short columnar fibrous. According to some samples in determination, electron microscopy granularity for: short columnar for 0.0046 mm x 0.0013 mm, 0. 0063ram * 0.0036 ram, then returned to work or length-width ratio, Long columnar 0.01 m * ram, 0.0028 0.004 ram x 0.0008 mm, 0.01 2mm x 0.0012 ram, the aspect ratio for 3 or 5: l, now, Fibrous for 0.0004 mm x 0.000021 mm * 0.0021 ITlnl x 0. 00007ram, aspect ratio for every or younger. The fine granularity in domestic and foreign similar through flash ShiYuZhong is rare. 4 it is felt for typical structures to shape, particle size uniform, interweave felt blankets general, this is fine texture, and density of the important reasons for this structure for other kind jade that rare. Second, fine texture, moist texture is jade quality of integrated performance, including shape, moist degree, crack, impurity, etc. Hetian jade because of its mineral composition and structure characteristics, decided its fine texture. Displays in: first, because of its extremely fine granularity, so it is very exquisite, it is ancient so-called "meticulous and chestnut," for the other jade beyond. 2 it is warm ZiZe, namely have grease (fat) burnish, give a person with moist downy feeling, it is ancient so-called "wen run and ze", namely with jade jade suet moist such as suet one and well-known world. 3 be moderate transparency, namely, "head", show slightly transparent, cut into the jade piece appear moist, there are angry. The fourth is impurities, some achieve immaculate degree and inside and consistent, the so-called "his flaws, yu not yan flaw," or "Angle from outside, Daniel fool can know." Three, hardness larger hardness is one of important standard, jade quality hardness is jade polishing the gender is good, brightness, and can be preserved for a long time. Therefore, based on previous process bounded low, high-grade jade, hardness is an important index, generally speaking, high-grade jade hardness is larger, low-grade jade hardness is smaller. Hetian jade hardness, the mensuration MaShi hardness of 6.5-6.9, with hisui close, and than serpentine jade (hardness is 2. 6, is commonly 4 controlled) and pyrophyllites kind stone (hardness generally low, generally for 2.5. 4) for high. Dushan jade, hardness and hetian jade is similar, but texture as hetian jade. Four, toughness great toughness of jade is very important, toughness is not broken, and wear-resisting, for jade art modelling and achievements of great benefit. Toughness is hitting hardness, some hardness is very big, such as black diamond crystal MaShi hardness of 10, MaShi hardness of seven, but his offensive low hardness, a dozen is broken. Although less MaShi hardness and hetian jade crystal diamond and high, but blow a high rigidity. According to the determination, hetian jade compressive strength reaches 6 542 kg/cm2, i.e., such as crushing hetian jade, must be in each square centimeters on applied about 650 tons pressure; And crushed steel, only need to exert 4 ~ 5 tons of pressure. Toughness is grinding hardness, hetian jade genera, toughness ShiYu through flash is larger. Its features According to the world treasure jade of toughness data shows, black diamond for 10, through ShiYu shem for 9, hisui, ruby, sapphire, for 8, diamond, crystal, sea sapphire for 7. 7. 5, olivine is 6, emeralds for 5.5, topaz accents.cream-coloured satin band, moonlight stone for 5, opal as three, fluorite is 2. Such as through ShiYuRen degrees for 1 000 flash, other jade or mineral relative toughness for emerald 500, serpentine (such as jade) 250, quartzite 10. 20, quartz 5, corundum 2 ~ 3, mica 2. Visible, through flash ShiYu of toughness in jade is the largest, this is the most important characteristic, hetian jade is other jade not. Five, the color pure, have known rare treasure suet jade jade color, to craft appraisal is very important, including tonal, lubricious pure, lubricious strong aspects. Jade has varied color, people on the jade color pursuit by time and different, such as ancient Chinese, in "three generations" hetian jade jade

流行青色，春秋战国开始到以后各代流行白色，清代晚期开始流行翡翠绿色。世界上闪石玉颜色基本上为白、青、黄、黑、碧(绿)5种颜色，还有一些中间过渡色。和田玉由于含铁量很低，基本为前四种颜色，即有白玉、青玉、黄玉、墨玉4大类，并可进一步划分品种，如白玉中有羊脂玉、白玉、青白玉等。而超镁铁岩中闪石玉含有阳起石，含铁较高，基本上为绿色，即碧玉。和田玉的颜色，与其他玉石比较，主要特点：一是色纯，如古人所说：“黄如蒸栗，自如截脂，黑如纯漆，谓之玉符。”二是有羊脂玉，这是和田玉特有之美。人们称其“精光内蕴，体如凝脂，坚洁细腻，厚重温润，佩之可以养性怡情，驱邪避瘟，有益于人者，美不胜收。”三是有璞玉。自古以来，对璞玉非常重视。明代科学家宋应星说：“璞中之玉，有纵横尺余无瑕玷者，古帝王取以为玺，所谓连城之璧，也不易得。其纵横五六寸无瑕玷者，治以杯鹭，此已当之重宝也。”和田玉璞玉的外皮，按特点可分为色皮、糖皮、石皮三类。色皮是玉的外皮有一层黄褐色或褐色很薄的皮(厚约l毫米)，为氧化所致，从皮色可看出玉的质量，如秋梨子、虎皮子、鹿皮子等等，常为上等白玉。糖玉的外皮较厚，如红糖色，且末玉矿常有此类玉，其中有白玉或青玉。石皮是外层有石质围岩，要取去围岩后才能得玉，如和氏璧是“理其皮而得宝。” 　　六、声音优美 　　玉受打击后发出的声音，这是古人鉴别玉石的重要性质。和田玉制成的玉磬，敲击时发出的声音清越绵长，如金磬之余响，绝而复起，残音沉远，徐徐方尽。这就是玉德中所说的：“叩这其声，清越以长，其终诎然。”这一特性，其他非闪石玉是不及的。

Popular cyan, spring and autumn and warring states began later that each generation popular white, late qing dynasty begins popularity emerald green. The world ShiYu color flash basically is white, green, yellow, black, Bess (green) five kinds of colors, and some intermediate intermediate color. Hetian jade because iron content is low, basic for four kinds of color, namely white jade, jade, topaz, mo 4 types, and further to differentiate varieties, such as white jade has suet white jade, jade, green, etc. And ultramafic rocks of lightning ShiYu contains actinolite, iron is higher, basically is green, namely jasper. Hetian jade color, compared with other jade, main features: one is lubricious pure, such as the ancients say: "yellow as steaming chestnut, freely cut fat, and black as pure as jade paint, operator." Second, it was suet jade, this is hetian jade unique beauty. People called its "naked embodiment, the body such as coagulate fat, jian jie is exquisite, massiness jade, happy affection raises the peja, exorcisms can avoid blast, be beneficial to a person beautiful." Three is the contemporary frustration.just. Since ancient times, to the contemporary frustration.just seriously. Ming scientists SongYingXing said: "in the jade, have equipments more than those without XiaDian embeddings feet, and the ancient emperors take thought of so-called imperial fourth debir, not easy also. Its norhwest.next five or six inches XiaDian person, with no cure, this already when cup spoonbills of heavy treasure also." Hetian jade the contemporary frustration.just skins, according to the characteristics can be divided into color skin, sugar skin, ShiPi three categories. Color of skin is jade cortical have a layer of tan or brown very thin skin (thick about l mm), for oxidation, from the light can be seen by the quality of the jade, like autumn pear, skin son, deerskin son etc, often used for superior white jade. Sugar jade skins thicker, such as red, TangSe JuMo jade mine often such jade, including marble or sapphire. ShiPi is outer rock surrounding rock, will be taken after the surrounding rock could be got jade, such as choi, and its skin is "Richard debir and depot." Six, sounds beautiful jade after hit by sound, this is the ancients identify jade important properties. Hetian jade made of yu qing, knock sound during QingYue aresult, such as JinQing over ring, absolutely and rise again, residual sound sink far, slowly will try your. This is jade virtue said: "knock it its voice, QingYue with the long, its end Qu natural." This one character, other than ShiYu is inferior to flash.

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　　“和田”、“昆仑”美玉质纯而温润，更因二者密切的渊源关系，博得世人“姊妹玉”的雅称。中国素以出产“软玉”著称于世。中国软玉即我们俗称的“和田玉”，是主要由透闪石、阳起石等组成的矿物集合体，呈纤维交织结构，质地细腻、致密。由于是由细小的纤维交织而成，因此韧性极好，不易破碎，光津滋润，常呈油脂感的玻璃光泽或油脂光泽，给人以温润之感。 　　和田玉一般微透明，硬度为6.5左右，折射率为1.61－1.62，密度为3.0g/cm3左右，颜色有白色、灰白色、黄色、绿色、黄绿色、灰绿色、深绿色、墨绿色、黑色等。和田玉按品种可以分为羊脂白玉、白玉、青玉、青白玉、碧玉（专指绿色的软玉）、墨玉、黄玉、糖玉、花玉、金山玉等。羊脂白玉质地细腻，光泽强，洁白如羊脂，堪称为“软玉之王”。 　　昆仑玉也叫昆仑彩石、丹麻彩石，为热液交代型矿石，产于白云石大理岩或白云质大理岩与中酸性侵入岩的接触带上。有的与和田玉矿共生，如阿勒玛斯的昆仑玉，矿脉出现在和田玉矿脉的边缘，真所谓一奶同胞的孪生姐妹。据专家介绍，昆仑玉与和田玉在物质组合、产状、结构构造特征上基本相同。只是在产出特征、结构、物性的某些方面与和田玉略有区别。 　　昆仑玉石呈结晶纹状和辫纹状，纹理细腻独特，色泽美丽丰富，图案多样，材质柔而易攻。昆仑玉的种类分白玉、灰玉、青玉、白带绿、糖包白等等，玉质以晶莹圆润、纯洁无暇、无裂纹、无杂质的为上品。“白带绿”是在一种纯白的玉质上带有一部分碧绿的颜色，其讲究要白得纯白，绿得翠绿，加上匠人的精心设计和雕琢，让碧绿的部分呈现在整件雕刻图案恰当的位置，比如头顶或脚底，看了让人觉得美不胜收。“糖包白”是在纯白玉质上带有一块类似于红糖的深棕色，在雕刻的器物上，“糖色”和纯白的玉石相协调，看上去也非常奇特美观。 　　昆仑玉属于中档玉石，一般用量较大，为玉石品种中不可缺少的原料。昆仑玉经过多种技法雕琢后，做成的作品如笔筒、花插、镇纸、印泥盆及彩石镶嵌座屏等造型优美，典雅大方，令观赏者和购买者爱不释手。昆仑玉中的白玉在近几年珠宝市场低迷的逆境中价格一路上涨，4年来涨幅达到300％至500％，具有很高的投资、收藏价值。

"Hetian kunlun" beauty ", "the quality of the jade pure, jade, more because both close origin relations, command the world" sister jade "confusing. China's notoriously produce "soft jade" known to the world. China nephrite namely we commonly known as the "hetian jade", is mainly by through flash stone, actinolite components, such as mineral aggregation, show fiber weaving structure, fine texture, density. Because be by tiny fiber chequer, therefore toughness is extremely good, not easy and broken, light cyanazine moist, often with a sense of vitreous burnish oil or grease burnish, give a person with warm feeling. Hetian jade general micro transparent, hardness of 6.5 or so, refractive index for bachelor - 162, density of 3.0 g/cm3 around, the color white, gray, yellow, green, yellow, green, dark green, blackish green color, black, etc. Hetian jade presses breed can be divided into suet white jade, jade, jade, green jade, jade (originally green nephrite), mo, topaz, sugar JinShanYu spent jade, jade, etc. Suet white jade quality of a material is exquisite, strong luster, white as suet, can be called as "soft jade's king". Kunlun jade also called kunlun colored stone, Dan hemp colorful, for hydrothermal metasomatic type ore, originated in dolomite marble or dolomitic marble with intermediate-acidic intrusive rocks contact with you. Some, such as ore symbiosis with hetian jade, Michael o manasseh kunlong jades, veins appeared in hetian jade lode edge, true so-called a milk compatriots twin sister. According to expert introduction, the kunlong jades in material combination with hetian jade, and production shape, structure features of basic and same. Just in the output characteristics, structure, physical properties of some ways with hetian jade slightly distinction. Kunlun jade is crystallization grain shape and plait grain shape, delicate texture is unique, colour and lustre beautiful rich diversiform, material, design soft and easy to attack. Kunlun jade species points jade, jade, jade, leucorrhea ash green, white jade, etc, TangBao with glittering and translucent fruity, purity, no crack, without impurities for top grade. Blackish green "is in" a white jade with part of the green color, its exquisite to white pure white, green green, plus the workman's elaborate design and carve, let the green part is presented in whole sculpture design appropriate locations, such as head or foot, saw let a person feel beautiful. "TangBao white is in the" pure white jade with a similar to the dark brown, brown sugar in graven utensils, "TangSe" and white jade harmonious, looks were very strange and beautiful. Kunlun jade is belonged to intermediate jade, general dosage is larger, indispensable for jade varieties of raw material. Kunlun jade through multiple techniques carve, made of works such as pen, flower, seal, inkpad basin and colored stone inlaid a screen etc sleek, elegant and generous, make the viewer and buyers fondle admiringly. In recent years the kunlong jades white jade jewelry market downturn of adversity price went upas webought, four years rise 300% to 500 percent, has the very high investment, collect value.

编辑本段物化特征

Edit this paragraph physicochemical characteristics

　　(1)化学成分：含水的钙镁硅酸盐，化学式为Ca：Mgs(OH)z(Si4011)2。 　　(2)晶系：其主要组成矿物透闪石为单斜晶系。 　　(3)结晶习性：本身为显微纤维状晶体的交织体。其原生矿床常为块状，又称山料。次生矿为巨砾或卵石。若是原生矿经剥蚀后被搬运到河流中沉积下来的卵石，称仔玉，若原生矿经剥蚀后，仅经短途搬运而呈巨砾产出者，称山流水。 　　(4)结构：软玉具有典型的纤维交织结构。 　　(5)颜色：变化大，有极白、白、青白、青、黄、绿、黑等，并决定其亚种。 　　(6)透明度：半透明一不透明。 　　(7)光泽：玻璃一油脂光泽。 　　(8)硬度：约为6—6．5。 　　(9)韧性：在玉石中是最强的，达到9以上,因而不易破损。 　　(10)解理：由于是矿物集合体，因而整体不见解理面。 　　(11)断口：参差状断口。 　　(12)折射率：1．606一1．632，由于属矿物集合体物质，因而很少能同时读到两个数值，通常在折射仪的1．6l处可见到一模糊的阴影边界。 　　(13)比重：2．80—3．10，一般为2．95。 　　(14)吸收光谱：不明显。一般在蓝绿区500nm处可看到一较明晰的吸收带。 　　(15)发光性：软玉在紫外光下为荧光惰性，即一般不发光。 　　(16)包裹体：软玉常含磁铁矿包裹体。 　　(17)工艺：是极好的玉雕材料，也可加工成弧面型款式和项链的珠子。

(1) chemical composition: aqueous calcium magnesium silicate, the patent for Ca: z (Mgs (OH) 2 Si4011). (2) crystal fasten: the main composition through flash stone for a single mineral inclined crystal department. (3) crystallization habits: itself for microscopic fibrous crystal intertexture body. The underlying deposit is often block, say again mountain material. Secondary ore for huge gravel or pebble. If the original mineral denuded transported to a river deposited pebble, said wang jade, if original mineral, only by denuded short-distance handling by the huge gravel output, who says mountain running water. (4) structure: nephrite typical fiber weaving structure. (5) color: change is big, a great white, white, stimulation, green, yellow, green, black, and etc, and to determine its subspecies. (6) transparency: translucent a opaque. (7) luster: glass a grease luster. (8) hardness: about 600-6.5. (9) toughness: in jade in is one of the strongest, up to nine above, thus not dilapidation easily. (10) : due to the mineral cleavage aggregation, thus whole opinions Daniel noodles. (11) fracture: varies form fracture. (12) : 1.606 a 1.632 refractive index, due to its mineral substance, thus collection seldom read simultaneously to two numerical, usually on the refracted gauge 1.6 l place showed a fuzzy shadow boundary. (13) proportion: 2.80-3.10, generally for 2.95. (14) absorption spectrum: not obvious. Generally in blue, green area 500nm place can be seen with a clear absorption band. (15) luminance: nephrite under uv light for inert, i.e. general fluorescent light. (16) inclusions: nephrite often contain magnetite inclusions. (17) process: is a very good jade materials, can also be processed into wall-climbing type style and necklace beads.

编辑本段鉴别

Editor this section identification

　　和田玉的经济价值评定依据是颜色与质地纯净度，其主要品种有：白玉，含透闪石95％以上，颜色洁白、质地纯净、细腻、光泽莹润，为和田玉中的优良品种。在汉代、宋代、清代几个制玉的繁荣期，都极重视选材，优质白玉往往被精雕细刻为“重器”。羊脂白玉，白玉中的上品，质地纯洁细腻，含透闪石达99％，色白，呈凝脂般含蓄光泽，同等重量玉材，其经济价值远高于白玉，汉代、宋代和清乾隆时期都极推崇羊脂白玉。青田玉，质地与白玉无显著差别，仅玉色白中泛淡青绿色，为和田玉中三级玉材，经济价值略次于白玉。青玉，色淡青、青绿、灰白均称青玉，储量丰富，是历代制玉采集或开采的主要品种。黄玉，根据色度变化定名为密蜡黄、栗色黄、秋葵黄、黄花黄、鸡蛋黄等。色度浓重的密蜡黄、栗色黄极罕见，其价值可抵羊脂白玉，在清代，由于“黄”与“皇”谐音，又极稀少，一度经济价值超过羊脂白玉。糖玉，糖玉常于白玉或素玉，称为双色玉料，可制作“俏色玉器”，以糖玉皮刻籽料掏空制成鼻烟壶，称“金银裹”，亦能增值。墨玉，黑色斑浓重密集的称纯漆墨，价值高于其他墨玉品种。碧玉，以颜色纯正的墨绿色为上品，夹有黑斑、黑点或玉筋的质差一档。 　　白玉：颜色洁白，细腻，滋润，微透明，宛如羊脂者称羊脂白玉；不透明，光泽较差者为白玉 　　青玉和青白玉：色呈深灰绿至蓝绿色，不透明；青白玉是青玉与白玉之间的过渡类型，呈灰绿色。 　　碧玉：深绿色(菠菜绿色），质地较粗。碧玉除新疆所产外，我国玉器工艺界把和国外所产的软玉也统称为碧玉。 　　黑玉：主要含分散的碳质或石墨而呈灰黑色或灰黑与白色相间的条带。如果完全是黑色的，称墨玉。 　　黄玉：是地表水中褐铁矿渗入白玉中造成的，米黄至黄色。 　　和田玉的价值虽不及硬玉高，但它也有个鉴别真伪的问题，通常用来冒充软玉的有以岫玉为代表的普通玉石，新近出来的俄罗斯玉和青海玉，以玻璃料。下面分而述之。 　　1、软玉与岫玉的辨别。 　　和田玉其质地、硬度和比重都有一定的指标；而岫玉则是产于辽宁岫岩县，其质地、硬度和比重都不及和田玉。加上岫玉开采量大，物因多而贱，故市场价格非常便宜。 　　岫玉由于质地细腻，水头较足，呈卉状至油脂光泽，所以常常把它做旧来冒充老的和田玉。但岫玉性较软，易吃刀，鉴别的最好办法是用普通小刀刻几下，吃刀者为岫玉，纹丝不入者为和田玉。如果身边没有带刀，只段细看雕刻时的受刀处，和田玉受刀处不会起毛，而岫玉则有起毛。此外，手感岫玉也较轻，敲击时声音沉闷黯哑，不像和田玉清脆。 　　除了岫玉，还有其他普通玉石用来冒充和田玉，其鉴别方法大致同上。 　　2、和田玉与俄罗斯玉、青海玉的辨别 　　我国青海和前苏联中亚地区，现在也出产一种玉，俗称青海玉和俄罗斯玉，估计皆为天山山脉的支脉所产，故而矿石成分相似。这种玉多为白色，看上去也似蜡状油脂光泽，因此很容易冒充白玉。而且它的硬度和白玉一样，故而不能用与否来鉴别其真伪。但这种玉所含石英质成分偏高，因此与白玉相比，质粗涩，性粳，脆性高，透明性强；经常日晒雨露，容易起膈、开裂和变色。特别是将和田玉与俄罗斯玉放在一起加以比较，一个糯，一个粳；一个白得滋润，一个则是"死白"，其高下之别不言自明。同时，敲击时一个声音清脆，一个沉闷，也不难分辨。 　　3、和田玉与"料"的辨别 　　坊间通常还以玻璃来冒充和田玉，俗称"料"。这方面的鉴别相对不是太难，一般说来，玻璃颜色一气呵成，没有自然变化，里面有料泡（有的可以通过雕工把料泡做掉）；其质料比较纯，比较纯洁，不像和田玉有玉茎，有绵状、萝卜丝状等自然结晶状；用放大镜观察，玻璃的毛孔比和田玉粗得多，断口呈亮碴贝壳状，和田玉则呈暗碴参差状；玻璃的硬度低，容易吃刀，和田玉则硬度高，不吃刀；此外，把玻璃料贴在脸上感觉敏感的部位，其凉的程度低于玉。此外，敲击时一个声音沉闷，一个清脆。

Hetian jade economic value evaluation according to colour and texture is dramatically, its main product is: white jade, including through flash stone above 95%, color white, grain is pure, exquisite, burnish jade-like stone embellish, the fine varieties for hetian jade. In the han dynasty, song, qing dynasty made jade the boom, few are extremely value selection, high quality white jade is often work as "devices". Suet white jade, jade pure the top grade, quality of a material is exquisite, including through flash stone 99%, the color white, show a implicative burnish, coagulate fat YuCai equal weight, what is its economic value than white jade, han dynasty, song dynasty and qing qianlong period are extremely highly suet white jade. Green TianYu, texture and white jade alone jade, there was no significant difference in the green, white suffused with weak cyan of level 3, YuCai for hetian jade economic value slightly after white jade. Jade, color weak cyan, gree, gray jade, abundant reserves are says, is the imperial jade acquisition or mining the main varieties. Topaz, change according to chroma denominate is dense sallow, chestnut yellow, qiu kui yellow, chrysanthemum the egg is yellow, etc. Chromaticity dense secret sallow, chestnut yellow is extremely rare, its value is worth suet white jade, in qing dynasty, as a result of "yellow" and "emperor" homophonic, extremely exiguous, once economic value over suet white jade. Sugar jade, jade often in white sugar or grain jade, called double color jade expected, can produce "qiao color jade", with sugar jade carving seed makings delve into skin snuff bottle, called "gold and silver wrapped", also can add value. Mo, black spot dense intensive says pure paint inks, worth more than other mo varieties. Jasper, with color pure green is top grade, clip has shading, black dots or jade reinforcement and bad spy. Jade: color white, exquisite, moist, slightly transparent, like suet who says suet white jade, Opaque, burnish is relatively poor for white jade jade and green jade: color shows deep ash green to glaucous, opaque, Green jade white marble is with the transition between the types, show celadon. Jasper: dark green (spinach green), texture of thicker. Jasper except xinjiang, China's jade in the outside world and the foreign technology in the nephrite also referred to as jasper. HeiYu: mainly including scattered carbonaceous or graphite and a black or grey black and white strip. If fully is black, said mo. Topaz: is in surface waters limonite infiltration white jade cause of, cream-colored to yellow. Hetian jade value although less hard jade high, but it also has a differential authenticity problem, usually to pretend to be the nephrite jade has represented by ordinary jade, jade and newly out of Russia in qinghai jade, glass material. Below points of Assyria. 1, nephrite jade and discern. Hetian jade its texture, hardness and proportion has certain criteria, And jade is produced in liaoning xiuyan county, its quality of a material, hardness and proportion of less hetian jade. Plus, because things phenomenathat jade, so much and melech market price is very cheap. Jade due to the quality of a material is exquisite, head is sufficient, show ou shape to grease burnish, so often do it old to pretend to be old hetian jade. But jade sexual softer, easy optimizing, identify the best method is to use common knife carved several times, optimizing the person for the jade, grain silk does not entrants for hetian jade. If nobody's knife, only when the carved by paragraph scrutiny by the knife knife place, hetian jade, jade place not cottony there is cottony. In addition, feel jade also lighter, when knock voice evil-aligned dumb, unlike hetian jade is ringing. Besides jade, and other common hetian jade, jade to pretend to be the identifying methods roughly alexandrine. 2, hetian jade with Russian jade, jade to identify the our country in qinghai province of qinghai and the former Soviet union to central Asia, now also produced a kind of jade, commonly known as the qinghai jade and Russia jade, estimates are tianshan mountains in the branch of the family, so ore composition similar. This jade more for white, looks like the waxy oils burnish, it is easy to pretend to be white jade. And its hardness and marble is same, so can't use or not to identify its authenticity. But this jade contains high quality components, so quartz, compared with marble qualitative acerbity, sexual japonica, brittle high, transparency is strong; Often insolation, easily up dew diaphragmatic, craze and discoloration. Especially the hetian jade with Russian jade together to compare, a waxy, a japonica, A white moist, one is "white", its breath-taking death of don't speak for themselves. Meanwhile, when knock a sound is ringing, a depressing, also easy to distinguish. 3, hetian jade and "material" to discern anecdotal usually glass to pretend to be hetian jade, commonly known as "material". This aspect of differential relative not too difficult, generally speaking, glass color letup, no natural changes, there are feeding bubble (some can through the carver the material bubble do fall); Its material purer, compare purity, unlike hetian jade, there are yujing continous shape, turnip filamentous natural crystalline; etc. Use a magnifying glass observation, glass pore much thicker than hetian jade, fracture surface is bright ballastleas shells shape, hetian jade were dark ballastleas varies form, Glass of low hardness, easy to optimizing, hetian jade is high hardness, not optimizing, In addition, the glass material stick on the face feel sensitive parts, its cool less than the jade. In addition, when knock a voice, a clear and crisp.

编辑本段肉眼识别

Edit this paragraph of human eye identification

概述

summary

　　中国和田玉历史悠久，蜚声中外，琳琅满目的和田玉精品，是中华民族灿烂文化的组成部分。和田玉是具有灵气的东西，它象征着巨额的财富，可人们往往缺乏辨别真伪的慧眼， 　　随着人民生活水平的日益提高，昔日王公贵族玩的高档玉器逐渐走入寻常百姓家。那么，收藏和田玉器从何处着手？如何能选购到货真价实的和田玉器呢？

China has a long history, famous international hetian jade, full of beautiful things in eyes hetian jade high-quality goods, is the brilliant culture of Chinese nation component parts. Hetian jade is with nimbus things, it symbolizes the vast wealth, but people often lack the authenticity of the eye, as the people's living standard is increasing, the former maharajahs come into play the high-grade jade average homes. So, the collection of hetian jade where to start? How can a choose and buy genuine hetian jade?

看玉器的材料

See jade materials

　　材料是玉器收藏的首要前提，优质玉材对于一件玉器至关重要。目前通常的价格，同等级别的子玉是山料的6--8倍。在市场或网上，更常见以无皮之山料或俄料，充和田子料出售。俄料亦属山料且物质成份一样，因出矿地在俄国境内而称俄料，其价更低得多，特性是色白但玉质太水即是透明感过重，密度和油质感均比不上正宗和田子玉料好！若以俄料充和田子料件出售，经验少者难以辨之，目前在市场或网上唯数不少。 　　真正的羊脂玉，目前国家没有标准，它是产于冰雪覆盖的冰河中。羊脂玉白若羊脂，不但白且绝不反青，其油脂度特高，不是一般色度达到羊脂级的山料或子玉可匹敌的。有些老玩家玩玉几十年也难得一求。羊脂玉取得难度之高加上其稀有度，所以爱玉者常有寻羊脂玉难，难于上青天之感。可以这样说，现在就是有钱，也不一定能买到精绝之品羊脂玉。 　　现如今自称羊脂玉的，其实大多数是高白色的山玉或子玉，如不带皮的高白玉一般多是山料。玉工都知道子玉价佫高之山料数倍，在做工时一定想尽办法的留皮。有些为了冒充子玉而想方设法做烧染假皮子的，也常可见之。无皮的玉是不是子玉，就要靠鉴定者的经验和眼力来确定了，因此往往存在着争议性。 　　按照和田玉的同等级来说，子料最为贵重，山流水次之，山料又次之。

Material is jade collection of first premise, high quality YuCai for one jade is very important. Currently usually price, same level son jade is mountain material of 6-8 times. In the market, or on the Internet is more common in having no skin mountain material or Russian material, filling hetian son material sale. Russian makings also belong to the same material and material composition mountain, because the mines in Russia territory and says Russia materials, its price more much lower, characteristic is lubricious white jade too with water, but is transparent texture is overweight, density and oil are not authentic hetian jade expected good son! If Russia material filling materials, experience selling hotan son of junior difficult to cause and is currently in the market or online only count many. The real suet jade, at present the country not standard, it is produced in an icy glaciers. Suet white jade BaiRe suet, not only and not against green, the grease degrees, not common chromaticity special high level reached suet mountain material or son jade can be unmatched. Some old gamer jade decades hardly asked. Suet jade has difficulty of the high plus its rarity, so love jade often find the suet jade difficult, it devilishly hard to feeling. It can be said that now is rich, also can not buy JingJue quality suet jade. Nowadays, claiming suet jade is actually most high white mountain jade or child jade, such as not with the skin of high white jade general many mountain material. YuGong all know son jade He high mountain material price several times, in work must keep trying to skin. Some to pretend to be the son and trying to do burn jade dyed fake leather, often also visible. No leather jade jade, it depends on whether the son JianDingZhe experience and insight to determine, so usually exist controversial. According to the same level of hetian jade, it is the most valuable, mountain son material feeding water less, mountain and component.

辨认造型纹饰

Identify modelling decorative

　　造型是玉器审美的构架，也是决定玉器收藏价值的一个重要因素。造型是由功能及玉坯形状决定的，其比例权衡要适当。匀称而不呆板，均衡而又稳定的是美的作品。 　　纹饰是玉器的装饰，它的美丑容易为人们觉察、感受。一般说它服从于器型的需要，或者它们两者都取决于社会功能的需要。装饰要看结构、章法、繁简、疏密等处理，凡结构章法有条不紊，统一和谐就具鉴赏价值。

Modelling is jade aesthetic framework, jade article collect value is to determine an important factor. Modelling is by function and jade billet shape decision, its proportional balance should be proper. Symmetrical without inflexible, balanced and stable is beautiful work. Grain is jade decoration, it's shameful easy for people perceives, and feeling. General said it obey ware needs, or they are both depends on the social function of need. Adornment depends on structure, composition, simplified, density, every structure processing, unified and harmonious methodicalness orderly with connoisseurship value.

分析工艺细品艺术

Analyze the process fine taste art

　　玉器工艺是由料变为器的技术条件，它的性质比较稳定，不易被人真正认识，是鉴赏上的一个难题。凡砣工利落流畅、娴熟精工必然是美的或比较美的，反之，板滞纤弱，拖泥带水，则是收藏价值锐减的标志，不可贸易集之。 艺术是每件玉器所追求的最高境界，也是最难做到的。凡气韵生动，形神兼备的都是艺术美的表现，反映了丰富的收藏价值。反之工艺差，艺术低劣，一味摩古者违反艺术美的作品，鉴赏价值就逊色得多了。所以对玉的收藏除重视玉的材质，还要注重玉的工艺水平，关注玉的艺术性。原因很简单，玉的材质越好，在大自然中的存量越稀少，其加工难度也越大，制造一件良玉就越难成功，价值就越高。

Jade process is by feeding into device technical conditions, and its nature is stable and not easily by man really understanding, which is a difficult problem. Connoisseurship Whoever mound is fluent, skilled workers and agile seiko is necessarily beauty or compare beauty, conversely, and delicate, slow, is the collection value plummeted symbol, not trade collection. Art is each piece of jade pursuit of the highest level, also is the hardest. Whoever artistically vivid, with shape is artistic beauty performance, reflect the rich collection value. Conversely, art and craft poor inferior who violates the ancient blindly art beauty works, is far less well connoisseurship value. So the importance of jade jade materials collection except, notice the jade technique level, the artistic. Attention jade The reason is very simple, jade materials better, the nature of stock in the more exiguous, its processing difficulty is bigger also, making one LiangYu harder to success, value is higher.

尽量选购皮色子玉

Try to choose and buy leather piece of jade

　　和田子玉外表分布的一层褐红色或褐黄色玉皮，因 和田玉 玉器

Hetian jade appearance distribution of a son HeGongSe or brown yellow jade layer skin, because hetian jade jade

此习惯上称为皮色子玉。有秋梨、芦花、枣红、黑等等颜色，琢玉艺人以各种皮色冠以玉名，如秋梨皮子、虎皮子、枣皮红、洒金黄、黑皮子等等。世界上不少玉石都带有此色，但不如和田玉皮色美丽。利用皮色可以制作俏色玉器，自然成趣，称为得宝。 　　和田子玉色皮的形态各种各样，有的成云朵状，有的为脉状，有的成散点状。色皮的形成是次生的。自古以来，同等的带皮色的子料价格要比不带皮色的仔料贵得多。自然灿烂的皮色，是和田玉子料特有的特征，也是真货的标志。但假沁色的带皮子料近年非常多见，沁色多附着于表面。外表没有油分比较干涩，没有水头，需要注意区分。 　　选购皮色子玉有以下优势： 　　1.带有钢印（国家鉴定证书）的子玉，无争议，能确定其保值及增值性。 　　2.行内有句话：“子料去了皮神仙认不得”。主要指有些优质的山料（甚至俄料）几可与子料相比，而被无良商人充数高价出售，但进价上却相差数倍之远。因此没带皮色的裸体子玉较易有争议而难定其保值性。因此有人说：裸体玉有争议，不能确定保值。裸体子玉是黑白照，而皮色子玉是彩照，它给艺术家充分的创作空间，也给了人们五彩斑斓的艺术享受。

The habit is called on skin craps jade. Autumn pears, photo, red, black color, cut jade artists, etc in various wrappers dubbed the jade name, like autumn pear skin, skin son, ZaoPi red, sprinkle the golden, black leather, etc. The world many jade contain this color, but not as hetian jade wrappers beauty. Use light can make qiao color jade, nature becomes an interest, called depot. Hetian jade skin son of form various, some into clouds form, some for pulse shape, some into scattered patch. Color of skin is formed secondary. Since ancient times, equal with wrappers son material price than without the seed makings, though more expensive. Natural bright light, is unique features hetian jade son material, also be genuine signs. But fake leather belt of the feeding wage-earners color in recent years very see more, ooze color more adherent to the surface. Without oily appearance dry, no comparison shuitou, need to pay attention to distinguish. The choose and buy has the following advantages skin craps jade: 1 with steel (national appraisal certificate) son jade, no dispute, can determine its value and appreciation sex. 2. Inline have sentence: "son materials to the skin fairy could not". Mainly refers to some quality mountain material (even) a few but Russian material feeding, compared with the son was no good businessman sucks up for sale, but the purchase price, but differ on several times farther. Therefore didn't bring wrappers naked child jade easier controversial difficult set its value sex. And someone said: naked jade controversial, not sure hedge. Naked child jade is black and white, and leather piece according to color jade is, it brought artists fully creative space, also gives people multicolored art enjoyment.

选购子玉的特别之处

The choose and buy the son jade special

　　子玉99%带有轻重不同的料裂或少许的杂质，故玉器行内称裂为隔或咎。一般大隔或较明显的杂点处都会地作工时加已修饰，而存在的小隔，在不影响玉器的美观和它的牢固度，均属于正常范围。如同珠宝级钻石在高倍的放大镜下大多均有小裂、杂质等，全美的少有，于此同理。选购皮色子玉时：1.重皮色；2重玉质；3重工艺；4重料形。 　　和田美玉虽产于号称“万山之祖”的昆仑山中，但闻名古今中外。随着人民生活水平的日益提高，昔日王公贵族玩的高档玉器逐渐走入寻常百姓家。购藏玉器，不失为投资保值的一种理想选择。近年来，新疆且末县的和田玉原料生产占新疆和田玉产量的七成以上，主要玉种有和田玉白玉、青白玉、青玉、黄玉、墨玉、碧玉等，加工的和田玉玉器（如御府工坊玉雕）远销国内外市场。 崇玉、爱玉是东方人的传统，人们对玉器的需求处于上升的趋势。随着玩玉者队伍的扩大，人们对玉器的青睐导致价格的上扬，也为玉器收藏者在时间和空间上提供了投资机会。

The son of jade 99% with weight different stock cracked or a few impurity, reason jade inline says split into every or blame. General big isolation or more apparent speckles place will land man-hour add modified, while the already existing in small apart, does not affect the beautiful jade and its firmness, all belong to a normal range. Like a diamond jewelry level in the magnifying glass under magnification are mostly small cracks, impurity, etc, the national rare in the empathy. The choose and buy when skin craps jade: 1. Heavy light, 2 heavy jade, 3 heavy craft; 4 heavy material form. Hetian jade is produced in so-called "WanShanZhi progenitor" kunlun mountains, but famous prodect. As the people's living standard is increasing, the former maharajahs come into play the high-grade jade average homes. Purchase hidden jade, can yet be regarded as investment value of an ideal choice. In recent years, xinjiang JuMoXian of hetian jade raw material production of xinjiang hetian jade yield of 70 percent above, major jade species have hetian jade jade, green jade, jade, topaz, mo, jasper, processing of hetian jade jade (such as royal house gunsmith jade carving) sold at home and abroad market. Worship jade, love jade is Oriental tradition, people of jade demand rising trend. With the expansion of the team play jade, people on the favour of jade, also caused the price increase for jade collectors in time and space provides investment opportunities.

和田玉的选购诀窍

Hetian jade the choose and buy of tricks

　　诀窍第一招：不能贪图便宜，更不能听这些不道德的生意人给天花乱坠的讲故事。也不要以为自己很高明能把卖东西的给蒙了。白玉的产量很少，原料面临枯竭。随着生活水平的提高，喜欢白玉的人也越来越多。天然的好白玉价格自然就比较高，所以在购买的时候，有的人为了贪图便宜买到了赝品。中国有一句老话:一分价钱一分货。很简单的道理，做生意是为了赚钱，赔钱的买卖谁会做。比如说800元进来的物件，在没有特殊的情况下谁都不可能700元卖的。 　　诀窍第二招：在买东西的时候稍微为物件计算一下成本，就不会上当。白玉的雕工主要是人工借助于雕刻工具。现在也就是在工具上可以用科技产品。雕刻还主要是人工来完成。白玉的雕工要求非常高，所有的细微之处，都是玉雕师傅手工制作而成，打磨到细致圆润为止。所以白玉的加工费也是不可少的成本，在加上玉料钱。比如白玉方形牌子的工钱一般都在1000元以上，随形玉坠的工钱也要在百元以上。所以东西方太便宜了是不可能的。如果一件东西的价值连工钱都不够的话，它可能是真的吗？不要交不必要的学费。 　　诀窍第三招：白玉的质地非常细致，手感也很温润，光泽是柔和的。将一件玉器放在手中掂掂是否有沉重感，再看看这件白玉的光泽是否是蜡质光泽，里面有没有气泡。用手感觉一下是否有温润的感觉。另外，最好在店里买，不要到流动商贩手中买这些东西。

Hang a recruit: not covet petty gain, more cannot hear these immoral businessman to hype storytelling. Don't think you're so clever can sell things to receive. White jade yield rarely, raw material run out. With the improvement of living standards, like white jade people become more and more. Natural good white jade price nature is higher, so when buy, some people to covet petty gain bought a fake. China has a proverb: one point one portion price goods. It's quite simple, doing business is to earn money, lose money buying and selling who would do. For example 800 yuan in objects, with no special circumstances who could not have 700 yuan sell. Trick two recruit: when shopping for objects to calculate cost slightly, won't be duped. The decor is mainly artificial marble by carving tools. Now it is in tools can be used on technology products. Sculpture is mainly artificially to complete. White jade of carver require very high, all the subtle, are jade carving master handmade and become, burnish to meticulous round so far. So the processing jade is not less cost, combined with jade expected money. Such as white jade quadrate brand of wages be in commonly 1000 yuan of above, conformal jade pendant wages will be in 100 yuan of above. So the eastern and western's too cheap is impossible. If a thing of value even wage is not enough, it might be true? Do not hand in unnecessary tuition. Trick three recruit: white jade texture is very meticulous, feel is also very warm, burnish is soft. Will an jade in my hand DianDian whether there is heaviness, again see the white jade burnish is waxy burnish, is there bubbles. With the hand feel the warm feeling of whether there. In addition, the best in the store to buy, not in the hands itinerant traders buy these things.

编辑本段雕琢

Edit this paragraph carve

　　和田玉是中华玉苑中拥有的独特资源，中华文明中的玉器是以和田玉的特质为代表的。玉有“五德”，讲的是和田玉。“温润而泽”、“缜密以栗”、“叩之其声清越以长，其终细然”、“瑕不掩瑜，瑜不掩暇”等赞扬的是和田玉的特点，和田玉是中国玉的象征。历来人们对和田玉的向往、爱好、追求几乎达到了神秘、痴迷的境地。现在的羊脂玉真可谓是“一两仔玉，一两金”了。这样珍奇的人间瑰宝，随着采集的艰难与稀少。对于收藏者来讲，得之一玉，束之高阁，作为欣赏与财富的积累，或留传后代或保值升值。然而，对于和田玉这一大的玉种，玉料完整无缺者不可说无，但终究寥寥，而大多数原料都有一个由原料转变为商品、工艺品、珍品乃至于绝品的过程。古人云：“玉不琢，不成器”，这就需要我们把稀少的、有限的资源，充分合理地运用起来，增加其艺术含量和文化品味．避免和防止急功近利的市俗商品化倾向，使其艺术价值和经济价值得到充分地发挥，以免造成资源的浪费和破坏。 和田玉

Hetian jade is the Chinese jade garden have unique resource, the Chinese civilization is the jade hetian jade characteristics represented. Jade has "the five DE" tells of hetian jade. "Wen run and ze", "careful with chestnut", "knock at the QingYue its voice with the long, its end fine however", "his flaws, yu not mask is free" praise the characteristics of hetian jade, hetian jade is the symbol of Chinese jade. Always people in hetian jade yearning, hobbies, pursue reached almost mystical and infatuated situation. Now it is "one or two YuZhen suet wang jade, one or two gold". So rare earth treasure, along with the acquisition of the difficult and scarce. For collectors speaking, too, as one of jade, pigeonhole appreciation and wealth accumulation, or offspring or value may rise. However, for this great jade hetian jade, jade expected intact person cannot say no, but ultimately a few, while most of raw material has a raw materials into commodity, handicrafts, curiosa JuePin signality process. The ancients cloud: "jade an uncut gem does not sparkle", which requires us to scarce, limited resources, adequately reasonably use up, increase its artistic content and cultural taste. Avoid and prevent ShiSu commercialization tendency of eager, make its artistic value and economic value obtain fully play, so as to avoid the waste of resources and destruction. Hetian jade

1、优料精用：一块上佳和田玉，色好形好，可不加雕饰或稍加雕饰，保其重量，配一高档底座，本身就是一件很为雅致、难得的艺术品，供欣赏，收藏。一块优质白玉，本身就具有很高的价值，在施艺的过程中，应慎之又慎，不应轻易动铊，以免留下遗憾。正如同行所讲：得一块昂贵的羊脂玉，不动铊不亏，一动铊子就亏，可见谨慎构思的重要。难怪乎，许多人对羊脂玉不敢问津。须知，得一美玉，原样收藏者毕竟少数，大部分都需启动创作者的灵感，开动丰富的想象，使之成为一件佳作，成为一件艺术品。优质原料如何精用，继承与创新仍然是永恒的主题。先辈们经过千百年的锤炼，为我们留下了丰富的玉文化遗产，这是我们取之不尽，用之不竭的源泉。以青铜器造型为主的各类炉、瓶、薰以及壶、盒、杯、碗、洗等题材，传统的人物仕女、仙、佛、童孩、花卉、鸟兽等题材和造型等都是值得荆门借鉴．甚至仿制的。如：北方的三足元炉呈两环，显浑厚、质朴，而南方的三足元炉呈五环，盖子上增加三环，呈圆润典雅，体现了两种不同的流派和地方风格，这都是先人经过若干时间，琢磨出来的。同时，我们在不失传统的基础上，重要在于创新，要给作品富于时代感，新意感。随着科技的发展，工具的改革，我们完全有条件，把创作的思路再宽阔—些，再奇突—些。所谓“人无我有，人有我新，人新我奇，人奇我绝。” 　　如：1989年，扬州制作的—对青玉《百寿如意》，荣获国家珍品奖。如意长44．5厘米，宽12．3厘米，而如意的背面，采用了炉瓶薄胎[水上漂)的工艺处理手法，厚薄匀称，再采用镂空雕的工艺技法，每只如意刻有一百个不雷同的“寿”字，字字相连，笔笔不断，每只如意仅七两重，作品既有浓厚的书卷气息、又有工艺雕刻精致入微之感。 　　如：扬州在1988年制作的一件由工艺大师刘莜华设计的白玉《内链双瓶》，在连体双瓶内贯以一根内链，连接双盖，其工艺技巧绝伦，内链计算的精确，真是巧夺天工。同年在天津召开的全国玉雕质量评比会上，有的同行都提出这样疑问，怀疑内链是否后续。一根内链构思独到，雕琢艰险，但成功后其艺术魅力及其经济价值却是无法比拟的。 　　如：上海御府工坊2009年有付雪飞玉雕大师雕刻的“济世活佛”藏品通体润泽，内部一侧除一点绵质以外几乎没有任何瑕疵，肉质上佳，质地细腻、缜密，油润度极佳，牌顶留有黄皮，共分为大小近似的三块，每块大小近似，重量相仿，三块玉雕都配有古典底座，整体优雅大方，造型独特。本套藏品的牌型各不相同，雕刻的活佛济公笑眼眯迷，“与狗嬉戏”“活佛醉酒”的画面惟妙惟肖。第一块牌子，济公一手托钵，一手高高举骨棒，引的小狗翘首以望；第二块牌面，济公一手执扇，一只鞋被小狗叼起；最后一块活佛，一手拿棒，似在挠痒，一手托酒葫芦喝酒，三幅画面生动活泼，把济公外俗内仁，外圆内方，疯疯癫癫却快乐无边的形象刻画的淋漓尽致。济公活佛，惩恶扬善，寓佛陀保佑，平安如意，而且佛本身就有一种保佑平安、恭喜发财的象征，不管是形象还是寓意都贴合现代人的精神追求，所以这个系列藏品的升值空间很大. 　　2、次料利用：和田玉并非都是越白越好的羊脂玉，洁白无瑕，再附上秋梨或桂花皮色，固然人人喜爱。但大部分原料都带有不同程度的瑕疵和绺裂，都带有“遗憾”。因此，把大量的各种质地、档次的玉石加以运用，那是对和田玉资源开发的一大贡献。20 世纪70年代，扬州挖掘恢复了失传近200年的山子雕工艺，既借鉴于明清山子的风格，又立意创新。从外形雕延伸到内雕及内外雕的结合。山子雕工艺是保留其玉石天然美的外形，在其外部和内部分层次地摊琢众多的人物、山水、树木花鸟、亭台楼阁，组成一幅立体的书画长卷。山子雕的创作都赋予故事内容和诗情画意，给人以儒雅、古朴之感，显露文人气质。其工艺技法上，则采用圆雕、浮雕、镂空雕相结合，层次清楚，构图完整。山子雕工艺的恢复和发展，为和田玉以及其他玉种的广泛运用提供了空间。它更能广泛地运用于有绺、有裂、有浆色的玉料上，发挥其工艺技法及特长，用景物、层次等来去脏遮绺。由于各种雕琢技法的结合运用，使作品更为精奇，更为耐人寻味。 　　1995年，由中国工艺美术大师顾永骏构思设计的一件重达约2000斤的青玉《汉柏图》，原料有浆多绺，但经过设计师的巧妙构思，再现汉代“青、奇、古、怪”四棵柏树。正面一棵苍劲古柏、似一老寿星俯视大干世界；近旁一棵柏树，枝干弯曲似游龙；背面一棵古柏直插云霄、充满生机，另一棵为侧拐状，似桥梁，可行人，并以古刹老树、游人观赏为陪衬，交相辉映。由于作品的艺术品味和魅力的提高，使原材料的质地与价值得到充分展现，其经济效益也数十倍地上升。 　　扬州山子雕工艺的恢复和发展，为原来属于青一，青二等级类的玉石原料，提供了出路，激活了和田玉的市场。在山子雕工艺恢复的同时，扬州又研制了随形雕、仿古件及玩饰件等，使扬州玉器走出了传统的五大类品种的格局，因此扬州也逐步成了和田玉的集散地。 　　3、小料大用：谁都想得到一块完整的和田玉，创作出一件完美的作品，但这样的原料实在是越来越少，越来越难求。小料如何大用就显得尤为重要。这就需要因材施艺，巧妙构思，能从视觉上、情感上引发出丰厚、充实而有变化的空间。这就需要：一是—件玉石原料在设计时能立着用的尽量立着用，则显得大，卧则显小。行家称：“宁立勿卧”，这是一般规律，二是在突出主体的前提下，配以链条，将作品立体空间放大，此种方式通称“链子活”。三是玉器的组合，在1964年扬州老艺人杭学文就发明了套碗机(也称套料机)，在一块玉料中套出若干块料，组合成各类薰、炉、塔、盒等。四是造型要完整，做工要细腻，要使人爱不释手，玩之、佩之、饰之，有一种丰富的充实感，物件虽小，在心中的地位很大。前人的子岗牌即是例证。 　　1985年，扬州出一件佳作，是由顾水骏、汪德海等人合作的白玉《三星对奕图》，料重不足千克，但倾注了创作者心血。内容引用西游记中三星对奕的故事，构图似乎很简炼，但大有多一笔嫌多，少一笔不足之感。人物传神，在不到黄豆大的面部上，细部刻划精细入微，锭子用得处处到位，反复观赏都觉得越看越有看头，回味无穷。加之，一红皮色上刻有《对卉图》，画龙点睛，人人见之，人人爱之。 　　4、俏色巧用：玉石的色彩是丰富的，用得恰到好处也是不易的。用得好出精品，甚至出绝品，用得不到位，反显弄巧成拙。超越常人想象的，奇异而又巧妙地应用俏色，使其增添艺术感染力和吸引力，体现了创作者的阅历和见识、想象和灵感。 　　扬州在20世纪80年代出了一件绝品——白玉《官帽》，这件作品是已故工艺大师韩宏构思设计的。这是一块半面有红皮而另半面已分化断裂的和田仔料，分化断裂的那一面，几乎是带有褐黑色的浆斑，也可以说是块谁也看不中的“废料”，充其量制作一仿古件而已。但韩先主突发奇想，发现有红皮的那面其形状很像清皇宫的“官帽”。于是把带褐黑色的浆斑部分全部掏掉，利用红皮浅刻龙的纹样图案，且色彩、外形、大小酷似一顶“官帽”，造型逼真，令人叫绝。 　　又如他的作品：新疆卡瓦玉《斗熊》，原也是一块不起眼的次料，用其天然外形与色彩，构思一只笨熊，熊背恰有一道裂绺，不加雕饰，活灵活现是斗伤的熊，因此取名“斗熊”。此件作品现藏于扬州玉器厂精品室，永久保留，凡观赏者，无不赞奇，给以高价也不让售。 　　以上是个人在实践中的一点粗浅体会，无非是“抛砖引玉”。目的在于我们要珍珍惜和保护和田玉的资源，合理开发和运用好和田玉的资源，探索和谋求健康的共同发展之路，使和田玉在中国玉器发展进程中发挥其更重要的地位和作用，促使中华玉文化源远流长，久盛不衰。

1, excellent material with: a piece of pure thrives, good color and shape good hetian jade, don't add crockets or slightly vulture act the role ofing, protect their weight, match a high-grade base, itself is a very rare for refined, the artwork for appreciation, collect. A high quality white jade, itself has high value in ShiYi's process, should transactions, should not easily move thallium, lest leave regret. As companies would speak: a expensive suet jade, motionless thallium not the kui, move thallium son kui, visible cautious conception of important. No wonder the, many people to suet jade dare not rare. Guidelines, have a beautiful jade, original collectors after all minority, most are required to start creators of inspiration, start and rich imagination, make this one bestseller, become a piece of art. How high quality raw materials, fine with inherited and innovation still is the eternal theme. After thousands of founders temper, leaving us abundant jade culture heritage, this is our inexhaustible, inexhaustible source. With all kinds of furnace mainly bronze modelling, bottle, smoke and pot, box, cup, bowl, wash and other topics, traditional characters of seeing, fairy, Buddha, virgin boy, flowers, birds and beasts and other topics and modelling, etc are worth jingmen reference. Even the copied. Such as: northern three feet in the two rings, $furnace show simple and honest, plain, and south of three feet in rings, $furnace lid is increased three-ring, mellow and elegant, reflect the two kinds of different genres and local style, this is all forbid after some time, consider it out. Meanwhile, we in do not break on the basis of traditional, important is innovation, will give works bedchamber furniture series, new feeling. With the development of science and technology, the tools of reform, we are completely conditions, and to put in writing of ideas -- some broad, then again -- some strange ashdod. The so-called "I have no one, I have new, strange, strange new me who I absolutely." Such as: 1989, yangzhou made of jade "100 - shou ruyi", won a national treasures award. 如意长44．5厘米，宽12．3厘米，而如意的背面，采用了炉瓶薄胎[水上漂)的工艺处理手法，厚薄匀称，再采用镂空雕的工艺技法，每只如意刻有一百个不雷同的“寿”字，字字相连，笔笔不断，每只如意仅七两重，作品既有浓厚的书卷气息、又有工艺雕刻精致入微之感。 　　如：扬州在1988年制作的一件由工艺大师刘莜华设计的白玉《内链双瓶》，在连体双瓶内贯以一根内链，连接双盖，其工艺技巧绝伦，内链计算的精确，真是巧夺天工。同年在天津召开的全国玉雕质量评比会上，有的同行都提出这样疑问，怀疑内链是否后续。一根内链构思独到，雕琢艰险，但成功后其艺术魅力及其经济价值却是无法比拟的。 　　如：上海御府工坊2009年有付雪飞玉雕大师雕刻的“济世活佛”藏品通体润泽，内部一侧除一点绵质以外几乎没有任何瑕疵，肉质上佳，质地细腻、缜密，油润度极佳，牌顶留有黄皮，共分为大小近似的三块，每块大小近似，重量相仿，三块玉雕都配有古典底座，整体优雅大方，造型独特。本套藏品的牌型各不相同，雕刻的活佛济公笑眼眯迷，“与狗嬉戏”“活佛醉酒”的画面惟妙惟肖。第一块牌子，济公一手托钵，一手高高举骨棒，引的小狗翘首以望；第二块牌面，济公一手执扇，一只鞋被小狗叼起；最后一块活佛，一手拿棒，似在挠痒，一手托酒葫芦喝酒，三幅画面生动活泼，把济公外俗内仁，外圆内方，疯疯癫癫却快乐无边的形象刻画的淋漓尽致。济公活佛，惩恶扬善，寓佛陀保佑，平安如意，而且佛本身就有一种保佑平安、恭喜发财的象征，不管是形象还是寓意都贴合现代人的精神追求，所以这个系列藏品的升值空间很大. 　　2、次料利用：和田玉并非都是越白越好的羊脂玉，洁白无瑕，再附上秋梨或桂花皮色，固然人人喜爱。但大部分原料都带有不同程度的瑕疵和绺裂，都带有“遗憾”。因此，把大量的各种质地、档次的玉石加以运用，那是对和田玉资源开发的一大贡献。20 世纪70年代，扬州挖掘恢复了失传近200年的山子雕工艺，既借鉴于明清山子的风格，又立意创新。从外形雕延伸到内雕及内外雕的结合。山子雕工艺是保留其玉石天然美的外形，在其外部和内部分层次地摊琢众多的人物、山水、树木花鸟、亭台楼阁，组成一幅立体的书画长卷。山子雕的创作都赋予故事内容和诗情画意，给人以儒雅、古朴之感，显露文人气质。其工艺技法上，则采用圆雕、浮雕、镂空雕相结合，层次清楚，构图完整。山子雕工艺的恢复和发展，为和田玉以及其他玉种的广泛运用提供了空间。它更能广泛地运用于有绺、有裂、有浆色的玉料上，发挥其工艺技法及特长，用景物、层次等来去脏遮绺。由于各种雕琢技法的结合运用，使作品更为精奇，更为耐人寻味。 　　1995年，由中国工艺美术大师顾永骏构思设计的一件重达约2000斤的青玉《汉柏图》，原料有浆多绺，但经过设计师的巧妙构思，再现汉代“青、奇、古、怪”四棵柏树。正面一棵苍劲古柏、似一老寿星俯视大干世界；近旁一棵柏树，枝干弯曲似游龙；背面一棵古柏直插云霄、充满生机，另一棵为侧拐状，似桥梁，可行人，并以古刹老树、游人观赏为陪衬，交相辉映。由于作品的艺术品味和魅力的提高，使原材料的质地与价值得到充分展现，其经济效益也数十倍地上升。 　　扬州山子雕工艺的恢复和发展，为原来属于青一，青二等级类的玉石原料，提供了出路，激活了和田玉的市场。在山子雕工艺恢复的同时，扬州又研制了随形雕、仿古件及玩饰件等，使扬州玉器走出了传统的五大类品种的格局，因此扬州也逐步成了和田玉的集散地。 　　3、小料大用：谁都想得到一块完整的和田玉，创作出一件完美的作品，但这样的原料实在是越来越少，越来越难求。小料如何大用就显得尤为重要。这就需要因材施艺，巧妙构思，能从视觉上、情感上引发出丰厚、充实而有变化的空间。这就需要：一是—件玉石原料在设计时能立着用的尽量立着用，则显得大，卧则显小。行家称：“宁立勿卧”，这是一般规律，二是在突出主体的前提下，配以链条，将作品立体空间放大，此种方式通称“链子活”。三是玉器的组合，在1964年扬州老艺人杭学文就发明了套碗机(也称套料机)，在一块玉料中套出若干块料，组合成各类薰、炉、塔、盒等。四是造型要完整，做工要细腻，要使人爱不释手，玩之、佩之、饰之，有一种丰富的充实感，物件虽小，在心中的地位很大。前人的子岗牌即是例证。 　　1985年，扬州出一件佳作，是由顾水骏、汪德海等人合作的白玉《三星对奕图》，料重不足千克，但倾注了创作者心血。内容引用西游记中三星对奕的故事，构图似乎很简炼，但大有多一笔嫌多，少一笔不足之感。人物传神，在不到黄豆大的面部上，细部刻划精细入微，锭子用得处处到位，反复观赏都觉得越看越有看头，回味无穷。加之，一红皮色上刻有《对卉图》，画龙点睛，人人见之，人人爱之。 　　4、俏色巧用：玉石的色彩是丰富的，用得恰到好处也是不易的。用得好出精品，甚至出绝品，用得不到位，反显弄巧成拙。超越常人想象的，奇异而又巧妙地应用俏色，使其增添艺术感染力和吸引力，体现了创作者的阅历和见识、想象和灵感。 　　扬州在20世纪80年代出了一件绝品——白玉《官帽》，这件作品是已故工艺大师韩宏构思设计的。这是一块半面有红皮而另半面已分化断裂的和田仔料，分化断裂的那一面，几乎是带有褐黑色的浆斑，也可以说是块谁也看不中的“废料”，充其量制作一仿古件而已。但韩先主突发奇想，发现有红皮的那面其形状很像清皇宫的“官帽”。于是把带褐黑色的浆斑部分全部掏掉，利用红皮浅刻龙的纹样图案，且色彩、外形、大小酷似一顶“官帽”，造型逼真，令人叫绝。 　　又如他的作品：新疆卡瓦玉《斗熊》，原也是一块不起眼的次料，用其天然外形与色彩，构思一只笨熊，熊背恰有一道裂绺，不加雕饰，活灵活现是斗伤的熊，因此取名“斗熊”。此件作品现藏于扬州玉器厂精品室，永久保留，凡观赏者，无不赞奇，给以高价也不让售。 　　以上是个人在实践中的一点粗浅体会，无非是“抛砖引玉”。目的在于我们要珍珍惜和保护和田玉的资源，合理开发和运用好和田玉的资源，探索和谋求健康的共同发展之路，使和田玉在中国玉器发展进程中发挥其更重要的地位和作用，促使中华玉文化源远流长，久盛不衰。

编辑本段仔料原生皮色特征

Edit this paragraph taipa material native wrappers characteristics

概述

summary

　　 和田玉仔料

Hetian jade wang material

和田玉仔料，原矿藏在“万山之祖”的昆仑山深处，经历天地沧桑的变迁、风霜雨雪的侵蚀，一些玉石破山而出，裸露于天地之间，后经内外动力地质作用，玉块崩落到山涧中，滚动在河道里，从而，使得有棱有角的山玉的磨圆度变好，也洗涤掉原有的围岩与瑕疵，呈卵石状，温润而泽，为最具生命力的美玉品种。如此珍稀的自然遗产，在今天却时常遭遇仿真处理技术的挑战，令人难辨真假。在此笔者作为有地质专业背景的藏迷，就参与市场的一些经验，对和田玉仔料原生皮色的特征阐述己见。

Hetian jade wang, the original mineral deposits in "material WanShanZhi progenitor" kun lun depths, experience heaven and earth vicissitudes of change, music.my erosion, some jade break out, bare mountain in between heaven and earth, after internal and external force geological processes, jade block caving in to a mountain, rolling in the river, thus, making sharp creases mountain jade grinding roundness better, also wash off the original of surrounding rock and flaws, a pebble shape, mild and ze, for the most vital mei-yu varieties. So rare natural heritage, in today's but often encountered simulation processing technology challenges, a failure to true and false. Here the author as a geological background of Tibetan fan, participate in market of some experience of hetian jade wang material characteristics of native wrappers expounded his opinion.

全包裹、微透明

Full package, micro transparent

　　了解和田玉仔料的成因，就知道和田玉仔料呈浑圆状，外表有厚薄不一的皮壳，颜色常有枣红皮、秋梨皮等。浑圆状的仔料，皮色必然是全包裹的，巧雕、人工开门子和分割成小块的除外。皮呈微透明、亮亮的或叫“有油脂光泽”，手捂或手握1～2分钟，即见其“出汗”。

To understand the causes of hetian jade wang material, knew that wang is perfectly round shape material hetian jade, appearance had different thickness of the husk of the color red one often jujubes, pear, autumn skin, etc. Round shape of wang, light is necessarily all material package, carvings, artificial open doors and divided into small pieces of except. Skin is slightly transparent, bright bright or call "greasy burnish," hands or hand grasps 1 ~ 2 minutes, namely saw its "sweat."

颜色自然

Color natural

　　仔料在河床中经千万年冲刷磨砺，自然受沁，它会在质地松软的地方沁上色，在有裂子的地方深入肌理。皮上的颜色应是由深变浅，裂隙上的颜色则由浅至深。这种皮色是很自然的，很喜人，抢眼而不碍眼，并且，色泽随岁月增进愈显亲和力。

Wang material in the riverbed oxpatiation million scour refined, and natural wage-earners, it will be in the place is a soft wage-earners colored, where there is crack son place further texture. The skin color should be diluted and fractures by deep color is from shallow to deep. This kind of light is natural, very satisfactory, grab an eye not AiYan, and improve over time, colour and lustre and greater affinity.

皮色有层次感

Wrappers have administrative levels feeling

　　皮肉呈渐变过渡状，由于仔料的皮色是在原砾石表面慢慢形成的，是风化和水的解析作用以及大、小气候循环制约等因素共同制造的，是分阶段的，所以颜色沁入玉内有层次感，皮和肉的感觉是一致的，且呈渐变过渡状。

Skin is gradient transition form, because the light is wang material in the original gravel surface slowly forms, is wind and water analytical function and the big, restricting factors such as the common microclimate circulation, is made by stages, so the color unrecoginized jade has administrative levels sense, skin and meat of feeling is consistent, and a ramp transition shape.

皮似有一层不同颜色的毛毡

Skin is like have a layer of different colors of felt

　　这类仔料多为石皮仔料。由于形成璞玉的特殊围岩条件以及透闪石矿物的纤维交织结构，这类仔料尽管已风化磨砺为浑圆状，但是其表面会有无数细细密密的“小砂眼”，呈毛毡状，在10倍放大镜下可以看出。

This kind of seed makings more for ShiPi seed makings. Due to the special form the contemporary frustration.just surrounding conditions and through flash stone minerals, fiber weaving structure, this kind of seed makings though already weathering honed, but for round shape its surface will have innumerable the finely rampant "small sand holes", show felt shape, in 10 times a magnifying glass under can be seen.

无皮色的仔料

No light of seed makings

　　无皮色的仔料多属于山流水料，肉色即是皮色，皮色即是肉色，可呈深浅不同的绿色。所以，也有人按颜色对和田玉进行分类。不过无论是白玉、黄玉或墨绿色玉，其表面多少有层包浆或沁色。

Without the seed makings is though water feeding, incarnadine namely mountain, light is light that is incarnadine, can show different shades of green. So, also someone press the color to the hetian jade classification. But whether white jade, topaz jade, its surface or green patina much layer or ooze color.

编辑本段分类命名方法

Edit this paragraph classification naming methods

　　软玉被称为中国的“国石”，中华民族使用软玉已有4000年以上的历史，从古至今，我国人民对软玉有自己相应的分类和命名方法。但是由于时代、地域、文化和人们矿物学知识的局限，许多名称和种类划分各地有很大差异，在鉴定和商业活动中引起了一些问题。在国家标准《珠宝玉石·名称》有关软玉的内容中对分类及命名制订的比较简单，在鉴定实践中容易引起一些误解和抵触，因此，有必要制订一个符合行业实际情况，较为详细的鉴定及分类、命名方法细则。

Nephrite is called "Chinese GuoShi", the Chinese nation to use soft jade has more than 4,000 years history, avers, singaporeans nephrite have own corresponding classification and naming methods. But because The Times, areas, culture and people mineralogy of limited knowledge of the many names and varieties division, there were significant differences in around, appraisal and business activities had caused some problems. In the national standard "jewels, name of the content of relevant nephrite for classification and named for relatively simple, easy to cause the appraisal practice some misunderstanding and resisting, therefore, it is necessary to make a line with the industry actual situation, comparatively detailed identification and classification, naming methods rules.

命名法则

Naming rules

　　1．“软玉”一词，是地质行业的矿物学名称，用于珠宝玉石行业会引起消费者和玉石爱好者的误解以及业内人员的抵触，因此本细则规定“软玉”可以用于珠宝玉石的地质学、矿物学研究和交流，并用于描述该类玉石的大类划分。 　　2．在向社会出具的鉴定报告或商业活动中，使用软玉分类中的基本名称和传统名称如“白玉”、“青白玉”、“墨玉”等。 　　（依据GB/T—16552：3.1.1、3.4.3.b；“国家标准释义”第24条）。 　　3．依据GB/T—16552有关“产地不参与定名”的规则，本细则规定不使用“和田玉”、“玛纳斯玉”、“青海玉”等产地名称。在做具体玉石产品鉴定时由于产地存在很大的不确定因素，因此也不区分产地，例如不写作“和田青白玉”等名称。此项规则也符合国际惯例：国际珠宝首饰联合会《CIBJO 宝石手册》中实用规则 第一条 总则 （b）项：在商业文件中不应指示原产地；第二条 实验鉴定报告（c）项：宝石的原产地不必说明。 　　4．按传统的观点和行业的惯例，本细则对软玉品种的划分以颜色特征为依据，对品种进行分类。考虑到玉石产品的复杂性，商业鉴定证书应采取“分类不分级”的原则。对品质的初步评价采取对颜色和质地进行简单综合描述。 　　5．依照地质学科的惯例，对软玉颜色的描述，采用先次要色调后主要色调的方法，也采用一些惯用的颜色描述词汇。 　　例如：黄褐色—表示以褐色为主，带有黄色调。 　　橙黄色—惯用颜色描述语，表示一种特征黄色。 　　颜色的观察和描述带有很大的主观因素，而且常常同一块玉石上有两种或多种颜色，或颜色特征含混难以表达；可采用过渡性、关联性方法进行描述、分类、命名。有些名称上无法表达的颜色特征可以在备注中加以描述。 　　6．“羊脂玉”是“羊脂白玉”的简称，为行业中对优质白玉形象化的俗称，犹如红宝石中“鸽血红”的用法一样，不宜单独作为玉石名称使用。本细则对优质白玉的命名采用“白玉-羊脂白玉”这一独创性名词，其中“白玉”为国家标准规定的软玉基本名称，“羊脂白玉”为行业中对优质白玉的俗称（俗称不单独使用）。在此名称中“白玉”起到定名做用，而“羊脂白玉”则起补充说明作用，中间“-”为连接号。这一名词的构成符合现代汉语语法和标点符号规则。 　　7．软玉（和田玉）产品中颜色、瑕疵的含量比例估算方法应采用地质学传统的岩石矿物鉴定技术方法，准确的估算对鉴定分类有重要的作用，因此鉴定人员必须经过系统的训练，在实际操作中才能保持技术水平相对的稳定和统一。 　　8．分类和命名的原则是使软玉（和田玉）品种划分详细清晰，简单而易于鉴别操作，规范和统一行业用语，以利于贸易和交流。 　　9．软玉（和田玉）的鉴定及分类、命名主要依据感官检验和检验人员的经验，鉴定鉴别的对象也属于民间珠宝工艺品、艺术品，因此不宜将分类、命名方法升级为标准，更不宜定为强制标准。商业鉴定证书应采取“分类不分级”的原则，以避免形成畸形消费市场，也避免某些用心不良的鉴定检测机构、商家借此挑起纠纷、制造混乱，对行业造成负面影响。

1. "soft jade" one word, is the geological profession of mineralogical name, used for jewels industry would attract consumers and jade lovers misunderstandings and the personnel of resistance, so these detailed rules "soft jade" can be used for jewels of geology, mineralogical study and exchange, and used to describe this jade: classification. 2 in the survey report issued to the society or commercial activities, use the basic nephrite classification name and traditional names such as "white", "green jade", "mo" etc. (according to GB/T - 16552:3.1.1 and the rule 3.4.3. J b; "national standard definition" article 24). 3. According to GB/T -- about "origin not participate in 16552 method.based on" rules, these rules shall not using "hetian jade", "manas jade", "qinghai jade" origin name. Doing specific jade product identification when the origin exist great uncertainty factors, so they do not distinguish between producing area, such as not writing "and" song white jade names. This rule is also in line with international norms: international jewellery federation "CIBJO gem handbook of practical rules first general (b) of the commercial documents, shall not be instructed the origin, Article 2 experimental appraisal report (c) items: the origin of the gem that. Don't 4. According to the traditional viewpoint and industry practice, these rules of nephrite breed partition with color characteristics as the basis, to breed classification. Considering the complexity of jade products, commercial appraisal certificate should adopt "classification classification" principle. To the quality the preliminary evaluation take on colour and texture simple comprehensive description. 5. According to geological subject practice that the nephrite jade color description, the application of the first secondary tonal after major tonal method, also adopts some idiomatic color description vocabulary. For example: amber - said with a brown is given priority to, with yellow tone. Orange color description language - handedness, said a feature of yellow. Color to observe and describe with much of subjective factors, and often the same block jade has two or more colors, or color features effectively cannot express, Can use transitional, and correlation method description, classification, named. Some names on cannot express color features can be described in the remarks. 6. "suet jade" is "suet white jade" abbreviation for industry to the high quality white jade exteriorized, are known as ruby red blood "in" pigeons as separate as, unfavorable use jade name use. These rules are to the high quality white jade naming adopt "white jade - suet white jade" this originality nouns, among which "white" for the national standard nephrite basic name, "suet white jade" for the industry to the high quality white jade known by (known as not used alone). In the name of "white" plays method.based on, and "suet white jade" they may have a supplement role, intermediate "-" for LianJieHao. This one noun composition accords with modern Chinese grammar and punctuation rules. 7. Nephrite (hetian jade) products in color, the content of flaw ratio method to estimate should adopt geology traditional mineral rock identification technology method and accurate estimate for the identification of classification has important effect, therefore the judges must pass a system in the actual operation of training, technical level can maintain relative stability and unity. 8. Classification and naming principle is to make nephrite (hetian jade) varieties division detailed clear, simple and easy to identify operation, standard and unified trade terms, so as to facilitate trade and exchange. 　　9．软玉（和田玉）的鉴定及分类、命名主要依据感官检验和检验人员的经验，鉴定鉴别的对象也属于民间珠宝工艺品、艺术品，因此不宜将分类、命名方法升级为标准，更不宜定为强制标准。商业鉴定证书应采取“分类不分级”的原则，以避免形成畸形消费市场，也避免某些用心不良的鉴定检测机构、商家借此挑起纠纷、制造混乱，对行业造成负面影响。

细则表

细则表

　　白 　　玉 白玉-羊脂白玉：表示优质白玉，其颜色呈脂白色或比较白，可稍泛淡青色、乳黄色等，质地细腻滋润，油脂性好，可有少量石花等杂质（一般10%以下），糖色少于30%。 　　白 玉：各种以白色为主的软玉，常微带灰绿、淡青、褐黄、肉红或紫灰等色调，质地细腻或在细以上，糖色小于30%。 　　糖白玉：糖玉与白玉的过渡品种，其中糖色部分占30—85%。 　　糖白玉-羊脂白玉：糖白玉和羊脂白玉之间的过渡品种，其中糖色部分占30—85%。

　　白 　　玉 白玉-羊脂白玉：表示优质白玉，其颜色呈脂白色或比较白，可稍泛淡青色、乳黄色等，质地细腻滋润，油脂性好，可有少量石花等杂质（一般10%以下），糖色少于30%。 　　白 玉：各种以白色为主的软玉，常微带灰绿、淡青、褐黄、肉红或紫灰等色调，质地细腻或在细以上，糖色小于30%。 　　糖白玉：糖玉与白玉的过渡品种，其中糖色部分占30—85%。 　　糖白玉-羊脂白玉：糖白玉和羊脂白玉之间的过渡品种，其中糖色部分占30—85%。

青 　　白 　　玉 青白玉：灰绿色、青灰色、黄绿色等浅—中等色调品种，介于白玉和青玉之间。 　　青白玉—白玉：青白玉和白玉之间界限难以划分时，或同一块玉石上有两种颜色时，可以采用过渡的方法描述定名。 　　糖青白玉：带有很多糖色的青白玉，糖玉与青白玉之间的过渡品种，其中糖色部分占30—85%。

青 　　白 　　玉 青白玉：灰绿色、青灰色、黄绿色等浅—中等色调品种，介于白玉和青玉之间。 　　青白玉—白玉：青白玉和白玉之间界限难以划分时，或同一块玉石上有两种颜色时，可以采用过渡的方法描述定名。 　　糖青白玉：带有很多糖色的青白玉，糖玉与青白玉之间的过渡品种，其中糖色部分占30—85%。

青 　　玉 青 玉：灰绿色、青灰色等中等—深色品种，偶尔带有灰蓝色调，与青白玉只有颜色深浅的差别。应注意深灰绿色青玉与碧玉的区别。糖青玉：带有很多糖色的青玉，糖玉与青玉之间的过渡品种，其中糖色部分占30—85%。 　　翠青玉：青绿色—浅翠绿色品种，偶见于某些产地，也可以直接以青玉命名。 　　烟青玉：烟灰色、灰紫色品种，偶见于某些产地，也可以直接以青玉命名，颜色深的品种应注意与墨玉的区别。

青 　　玉 青 玉：灰绿色、青灰色等中等—深色品种，偶尔带有灰蓝色调，与青白玉只有颜色深浅的差别。应注意深灰绿色青玉与碧玉的区别。糖青玉：带有很多糖色的青玉，糖玉与青玉之间的过渡品种，其中糖色部分占30—85%。 　　翠青玉：青绿色—浅翠绿色品种，偶见于某些产地，也可以直接以青玉命名。 　　烟青玉：烟灰色、灰紫色品种，偶见于某些产地，也可以直接以青玉命名，颜色深的品种应注意与墨玉的区别。

黄 　　玉 黄 玉：浅—中等不同的黄色调品种，经常为绿黄色、米黄色、常带有灰、绿等色调，在具体鉴别中应注意与浅褐黄色糖玉的区别。

黄 　　玉 黄 玉：浅—中等不同的黄色调品种，经常为绿黄色、米黄色、常带有灰、绿等色调，在具体鉴别中应注意与浅褐黄色糖玉的区别。

墨 　　玉 墨 玉：灰黑—黑色软玉，致色因素是因为含有一定量的石墨包体，在鉴别中应注意与绿黑色碧玉的区别。由于含石墨量多少不同，黑色深浅分布不均，其过渡品种命名方法与前述相同。

墨 　　玉 墨 玉：灰黑—黑色软玉，致色因素是因为含有一定量的石墨包体，在鉴别中应注意与绿黑色碧玉的区别。由于含石墨量多少不同，黑色深浅分布不均，其过渡品种命名方法与前述相同。

糖 　　玉 糖 玉：由于原生或次生作用形成的，受氧化铁、锰质浸染呈红褐色、黄褐色、黑褐色等色调的软玉，当糖色部分＞85%时可以称为糖玉。但如果可以观察到原来的玉种也可以按原玉种名定名。

糖 　　玉 糖 玉：由于原生或次生作用形成的，受氧化铁、锰质浸染呈红褐色、黄褐色、黑褐色等色调的软玉，当糖色部分＞85%时可以称为糖玉。但如果可以观察到原来的玉种也可以按原玉种名定名。

碧 　　玉 碧 玉：青绿、暗绿、墨绿色、绿黑色的软玉。分为两种，其一种产于酸性侵入岩体的接触带，较纯净细腻；另一种产于超基性岩体的接触带，杂质多，常含有黑色矿物包体。碧玉即使接近黑色，其薄片在强光下仍是深绿色。某些碧玉与青玉不易区分，一般颜色偏深绿色的定为碧玉，偏青灰色的定为青玉。

碧 　　玉 碧 玉：青绿、暗绿、墨绿色、绿黑色的软玉。分为两种，其一种产于酸性侵入岩体的接触带，较纯净细腻；另一种产于超基性岩体的接触带，杂质多，常含有黑色矿物包体。碧玉即使接近黑色，其薄片在强光下仍是深绿色。某些碧玉与青玉不易区分，一般颜色偏深绿色的定为碧玉，偏青灰色的定为青玉。